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The European Green Deal strategy, implemented in The United Europe until the beginning of 2025, which was replaced in UE in March of this year by the Clean Industrial Deal strategy, brings with it undoubted environmental benefits, but it is also associated with considerable economic challenges, including those related to social determinants. This article focuses on the difficulties, presenting estimates of the cost levels reflecting economic and social losses in the environmental value chain of hard coal mining in...

Dynamic climate changes require large human action. One of its essential elements is the reduction of anthropogenic GHG emissions. Within the European Union, they constitute one of the two fundamental goals of the European Green Deal strategy, which assumes that Europe (EU) will remain the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. Among the nine sectors of the economy the most widely covered by these activities is the energy sector. Taking into account the assumed rate of GHG emission reduction, it seems that trans...