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Existing industrial ammonia production installations operating in potentially explosive atmospheres usually contain a wide range of explosion protection concepts implemented during different stages of plant modernization and expansion. In such brownfield installations, the coexistence of equipment originating from different technological periods often leads to a non-uniform distribution of protection concepts at installation level. This aspect is particularly relevant for industrial sectors associated with oil and...

The certification requirements for electrical equipment used in potentially explosive environments are outlined in EU Directive 2014/34. In order to certify electrical equipment used in potentially explosive environments, the EU has set requirements. Certification and compliance requirements are outlined in EU Directive 2014/34. All electrical equipment used in potentially explosive environments must abide by this guideline. Electrical equipment makers and their authorized representatives are subject to the direct...

The type of protection flameproof enclosure consists in placing the parts that can ignite an explosive atmosphere into an enclosure that can withstand an internal explosion and it prevents the transmission of the explosion effects (hot gases, flames, incandescent particles etc.) capable of ignition to the external explosive atmosphere in which the equipment is placed. The purpose of the paper is to underline some specific situations that can occur during the tests in explosive mixtures needed to verify the charact...