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Soil saprophytic nitrogen-fixing nodule bacteria (rhizobia) of the Sinorhizobium meliloti species are formed symbiosis with alfalfa and can also be a host of bacteriophages. Rhizobia have a symbiotic and saprophytic life phase?s cycle. Nodules formed by rhizobia on alfalfa roots are destroyed at the end of the growing season and bacteria surviving in nodule threads and did not transformed into bacteroids are released into the soil microbiome. The last is enriched in bacteriophages, which can significantly decrease...

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is the most environmentally friendly method for the accumulation of biologically bound nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation is carried out by bacteria, including from the class of ?-proteobacteria. Global climate changes lead to an increase of agricultural areas subjected to salinity. Current knowledge about the effect of high-salt stress on nitrogen-fixing symbiotic ?-proteobacteria has the appearance of a puzzle. The genetic mechanisms determining salt tolerance have been studied in the most d...