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This paper discusses the relevance of the classical adjustment weights for the highest-order geometric levelling network. The commonly used weights are inversely proportional to the length of levelling lines. The argument behind this choice is the assumption that the accuracy of measured elevations is a function of the square root of the levelled route. Therefore, the longer the line, the less its weight in the adjustment of the network. However, there are often events where the measured elevations of long lines a...

In the era of advancing digitization, the application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology in the construction industry is increasingly evident at advanced level. However, the use of BIM tools during the operational phase of buildings-beyond traditional design and construction-remains a niche area, with integrated digital facility management practices still limited in adoption. In this article, the authors focus on presenting an example of pilot project of implementation of the digital Common Data Env...

It is well established that the farther a benchmark is from the datum point in a leveling network, the greater its standard error of adjusted height tends to be. To explore the optimal datum point location for minimizing height uncertainty, we performed 11 separate adjustments of the Second Bulgarian Leveling Network. Each adjustment used a different nodal benchmark as the datum point. While all adjustments yielded identical benchmark elevations and the same mean adjustment error of 2.14 mm/km^0.5, the sum and ave...

Conventional salt mining creates large voids that disrupt geomechanical equilibrium, inducing subsidence pressures from overlying strata. This process, known as convergence, is the time-dependent closure of excavated spaces caused by salt-s viscoplastic behavior. Continuous convergence monitoring is critical for early detection of excessive strain, enabling timely mitigation to maintain structural stability and prevent hazards like water ingress and flooding. Due to the slow deformation rates of halite formations,...

This article examines the impact of electric and electromagnetic fields on the accuracy of GNSS technology, particularly in environments with overhead high-voltage and power lines. Although this factor is often overlooked, it can significantly affect the quality of received signals and, consequently, the accuracy of measurements. Electromagnetic interference caused by the presence of power lines can lead to signal distortions, reduced positioning reliability, and, in some cases, complete signal loss. The study foc...

Sea level change and global sea level rise are slow but persistent changes. They should be evaluated as a sign of ongoing climate changes. The Black Sea is a semi-enclosed sea, with the only connection to the world's oceans being the narrow Bosphorus Strait. The influence of climate changes in such an environment will be grater. Sea level observations on the Bulgarian part of the Black Sea are carried out by numerous tide gauge stations. The most indicative of them, with the most complete set of measurements, is t...