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The environmental impact of the long-standing fossil fuel, namely coke as a reducing agent has been a challenge in the pyrometallurgical industry for decades. The threats that it poses have become increasingly unbearable. Few attempts on different biochar have been conducted and their impact on the quality of slag investigated. More improvements are still underway for industrial scale use. The current project evolves on the reducing capabilities that spent malt waste biochar in the reduction zone during carbotherm...

The environmental impact of the long-standing fossil fuel, namely coke as a reducing agent has been a challenge in the pyrometallurgical industry for decades. The threats that it poses have become increasingly unbearable. Few attempts on different biochar have been conducted and their impact on the quality of slag investigated. More improvements are still underway for industrial scale use. The current project evolves on the reducing capabilities that spent malt waste biochar in the reduction zone during carbotherm...

Carbon emission has increasingly become a topic of the day. Carbothermic reduction processes and energy generating units have for years used generic carbonaceous materials contributing to high carbon pollution. Ongoing investigations are showing good prospects. This paper corroborates a comprehensive review on the potential of biochar as an innovative and sustainable alternative to traditional carbon sources in pyrometallurgical processes, addressing the environmental ithreats caused by fossil fuel use, such as gr...

During the mining, handling, and processing activities, the production of fines is inevitable due to breakage of large particles caused by compression, abrasion, attrition and impact of the ore particles with one another and the equipment during beneficiation and handling. The fines generated as a result, are generally high-grade feed stock materials and add value to processes. Many attempts to recycle these fines have shown some limitations because of the quality of binders used for agglomeration. Pyrometallurgic...

The depletion of primary raw materials and the demand in High Tech has played a big role in finding new ways of getting raw materials including recycling. Germanium being a semi-conductor currently in high demand is being sourced from secondary materials. The purpose of this project was to recover Germanium from copper slag in the presence of pure silicon using the carbothermic reduction process. The experiment was designed using Minitab software with Taguchi as the tool for statistical analysis and to design the ...

The sintering process has been used for years to agglomerate ores to prepare the material for better operations in furnaces. Many research works have been conducted at bench scale and upscaled to industrial. The composition of the raw material, the homogenization of the feed, the challenges due to granulometry, moisture content, the distribution of gases in the burden, the impact of the fuel on the morphologies obtained in the sinters have been largely investigated. During sintering, fossil fuels such as coke bree...

The global warming and climate change caused by the anthropogenic activities is expected to increase. To address these issues, one key solution is the utilization of renewable materials such as biomass. Biochar, made from biomass materials is seen as a potential option to replace the fossil fuel-based reductants. Pyrolysis is the most common way of producing biochar. However, the physicochemical properties of biochar are significantly influenced by virgin biomass characteristics and the pyrolysis condition such as...

The threat caused by the use of generic carbonaceous material for carbothermic reduction to globe has increased. Millions are being invested to protect the environment due to the global warming. A new generation of reductants is urgently sought to mitigate the threat. Biochars improvement for different usages is currently looked at. One of the ways to produce biochar is pyrolysis. The temperature and type of atmosphere in the furnace used play an important role on the quality of biochar produced. The current paper...

During High Carbon Ferromanganese production as well as other reduction processes, the chemical composition of the feed plays a crucial role on the quality of the products. It is believed that the reduction from high manganese oxides to their lower oxides during HCFeMn production, the transitional phases that form in the prereduction zone and reduction zone are very influential on the coke-bed zone behavior. Data on acidic manganese ores use are available. However, on the basic manganese ores especially the South ...

Investigations on coke-bed relations with acidic manganese ores have been reported number of times. The correlation between the mineralogy, property, reactivity of the ore and the products during the production of high carbon ferromanganese have been reported. A theoretical study has proven that the energy consumption of different basic South African manganese ores were very dependent on the chemical composition of the feed. This has a direct impact on the phases that form in the prereduction, reduction and conseq...

It has been observed that during high carbon ferromanganese using South African ores, some practices do not find an easy answer from the theory and vice-versa. It has therefore become important to study under different reducing conditions what paths does the slag go through while forming during reduction in order to better understand its formation while higher manganese oxides are being reduced. The carbon monoxide gas amount and availability in a specific zone albeit its origin is influential and explanatory towa...