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P colonies (see [2]) are a well-established version of the P systems (see [3]), the computational device based on membrane computing. One branch of the research of the P-colonies focuses on the possibility to consider the two-dimensional environment, in which the agents act, and the 2D P colonies (see [1]) were introduced. 2D P colonies showed to be suitable for the simulations of various (not only) multi-agent systems, and natural phenomena, like the flash floods. The Grey wolf algorithm (see [4]) is the optimiza...

Recent online translators for languages without a significant number of speakers cannot reach the quality of the translators for languages such as English, Spanish, and French, etc. The great number of users of these common languages means a higher possibility of correction of an inaccurate translation. For those languages with around ten, twenty million speakers, translators cannot gain such effectivity. All the documents produced in the EU must be translated into all the languages of the EU. Translators that hav...

Most of bilingual or multilingual dictionaries, especially the printed ones can be represented as a simple relational database with two relations with cardinality 1:N for each side of the dictionary. This database structure is actually sufficient if the user needs only word to word translation and if they are experienced enough to choose a proper translation from mostly many synonyms. One step forward is a contextual dictionary. The translation is influenced by the context of the word, what can make the translatio...

Systematic research on the collective behaviour of formal grammars started in the 90s of 20th century. One of the variants of grammar system models was inspired by eco-systems and it is called eco-grammar systems. Eco-grammar systems describe the interplay between an evolving environment and the community of agents which form the eco-system. Each agent as well as the environment of the eco-grammar system is represented by its own 0L scheme. Agent in the eco-grammar systems can change environmental symbols independ...

Eco-grammar systems represent grammar systems which were motivated by the behaviour of ecosystems. They were introduced in 1994 in order to describe evolving environment and community of agents together with the interplay among them. Positioned eco-grammar systems (PEG systems, for short) were introduced in our previous paper as a variant of the eco-grammar systems. Motivation for introducing the PEG systems and its main difference from the original eco-grammar systems is that we focus on the embodiment of the age...