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A man-made structure or natural phenomena like crustal movement, vertical land movements, subsidence determination, etc. is subject to deformations due to forces on them. Deformations of a structure require rigorous analysis to reflect significant movements. In general, deformation analysis relies on the reference network that is set outside the deforming area so that a comparison could be possible. However, a geodetic reference network is itself subject to movement. Therefore, the stability of the reference netwo...

Until the year of 1996, there had been an intense air pollution beyond standards because of the use of fossil fuels such as coal and fuel oil especially in homes in the winter. With the start of the use of natural gas in Istanbul after 1996 there has been a decrase in the amount of air pollution. In this study, the measurement values of pre and post natural gas use in 10 different measurement stations conducted by ‘Istanbul Metropolitan Municapality, Environment Protection and Development Department, Environment...

This paper will first discuss the environmental pollution that threatens the world’s presence and its consequences. Then, it will concentrate on one of the most important concequences of environmental pollution, the global warming, its antecedents and activities that result in CO2 emition. The negative effect of CO2 and greenhouse gases on the atmosphere, on the seas, climate changes, melting of the icebergs and the resulting scarcity, starvation, desertification will be explained. As one of the reasons of globa...

The world population has been increasing rather fast along with an inevitable rise in the process of industrialization. Today, the world population has reached 7.2 billion and it has been struggling for better standards of life. However, the ecological equilibrium has been tilted off as a result of depletion of natural resources and of the damage to the nature in order to obtain such packaging materials used for the needs of 7.2 billion people, mainly in terms of food and catering sectors as well as textile, furni...

Technological developments in 20 and 21 centuries have highered up standards of living and created welfare and more comfortable living conditions for mankind. However, together with the increasing world population, environmental problems have also increased and diversified based on various reasons. Therefore, with the aim of solving the existing air, water and earth pollution problems and taking them under control, laws and regulations have been put into force and announced both internationally and domestically. T...

TOC (Total Organic Carbon), TKN (Total Kjedhal Nitrojen), tP (total Phosporus), C/N (Carbon/Nitrogen ratio) contents and other properties of Municipal Solid Waste, in Д°stanbul are suitable for Compost Production. Compost is an extremely useful agent in agriculture, provides humous to soil, improves its porosity, workability, aeration and needless to say improves water absorption capacity. It also helps increasing the number of saprofit micro organisms and helps plants to get more of fertilizers. Another advantage...

This paper deals with the removal of copper from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) compost using Na2EDTA and a mixture of Na2S2O5 and Na2EDTA in the batch mode. At the end of extraction studies, for 3 hours at 1:25 solid:liquid ratio by using 0.05 M Na2EDTA, 100\% removal yield was obtained for Cu. 100\% heavy metal removal yield was obtained with 0.01 M Na2EDTA and 0.1 M Na2S2O5, at 1:6 solid:liquid ratio, for Cu in this study.