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Energy remains a key driver of human development and economic growth. The projected increase in the global population to 8.5 billion by 2030 will intensify energy demand and dependence on fossil fuels, the main source of CO2 emissions. This highlights the urgent need for renewable and sustainable energy solutions. Hydrogen is considered a promising clean energy carrier; however, most hydrogen is still produced from natural gas via steam reforming, releasing significant amounts of CO2. Growing attention is therefor...

In light of the gradual transition toward sustainable and green economy, the valorization of various agricultural residues has been drawing more attention. The leftover products from agricultural processing can be easily turned into a CO2-neutral biofuel. The subsequent deployment of nutrient-rich ash as fertilizer helps to keep a closed cycle of minerals and promote circular economy. This practice, however, comes with its drawbacks: excessive particulate matter (PM) emissions being among the most alarming. The pr...