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One of the most important factors of industrialization and development is energy. Demand of energy significantly increases parallel to technology developing and world population increasing. The consumed amount of energy indicates the development level of countries in today. Oil and coal stocks are decreasing fastly, and lack of natural gas sources results in an increasing demand on renewable energy sources. The negative effects of the renewable energy sources are less than conventional energy sources on environmen...

Today, the world is involved in a major experiment, which studies what happens when they are released into the atmosphere in greater quantities of carbon dioxide and other gases. The climate models developed by specialists in the field estimate that, the global climate will warm by 1, 1 – 6,400 C during this century. The main cause of the global warming is increasing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere in the last centuries. The gases behave like walls of a greenhouse, maintaining the solar energy in the at...

Within the Risha well field in Eastern Jordan oil and especially gas is produced from the existing traps on the top of the Ordovizium deposits, at a depth of about 2000 m. By more than 30 deep wells oil and gas is produced which contains also a portion of water. Usually this water accompanying the oil production is highly mineralized and originates, according to chemical and stable isotope analyses, most probably from old syn- sedimentary brines or formation water. Usually this water accompanying the oil productio...

Soil erosion is a process threatening natural resources such as water, soil, plant cover and climate both directly and indirectly and it is dangerous for human safety and his life. Erosion not only weakens soil, makes useless farms and a lot of damage, but also causes harm by sedimentation solid of materials in streams, sources, dams, ports and decreases the amount of their capacity. In this project, we are studying soil erosion in Mousa Abad basin in Tiran, Isfahan in SLEMSA model using GIS. In this research, the...

Continuously increasing demand for energy resources drives petroleum industry to search in very deep waters, drilling very deep wells, encountering adverse conditions of pressures and temperatures and thus having to resolve a multitude of problems. In many cases, the problems can be attributed to the performance of drilling fluids which then presents challenges to drilling fluid industry. Such problems include poor hole cleaning, high pressure losses, loss circulation zones, fluid gelation, reservoir fluid invasio...

There are selected regions with a certain quality of a situation or a tendency of changes of environmental components. The significantly changes, in these areas are observed at soils, as the basic component of environment at which is man biologically contacted. The significantly chemical degradation of soils - acidification and contamination of soils with heavy metals - in loaded regions – the middle Spis region are showed. The middle Spis region is area at Slovak republic with deteriorated or heavily deteriorated...

Currently, continuous gas lift has a significant contribution for the purpose of petroleum production from those wells that have low production rates or those that have ceased their production. Therefore, production engineers are constantly finding the ways for optimizing this type of system. Superior designs are achieved when important parameters are optimized prior to system implementation. Optimization of gas injection into the annulus and also the tubing size are of the most important parameters. The functiona...

A horizon of carbonate minerals underlies the organic soils of the Thracian plane. This horizon has irregular thickness, density and mineral composition. In the world scientific literature, such horizons are usually described as pedogenic calcretes. The growth of the carbonate layer depends on many factors; among them are the global climate change, the acidity of the atmospheric precipitates and the agricultural practices. The carbonate layer is very significant to the biological productivity of the soil. It tends...

In continuous gas lift, gas may be injected continuously or intermittently, depending on the producing characteristics of the well and the arrangement of the gas-lift equipment. Being somehow an ancient tool with an age of over a century, gas lift is though still a challenging problem when overall optimization is the concern. When the injection gas is of a limited supply the problem is finding the best gas allocation scheme. However there are increasingly emerging cases in certain geographic localities where the g...

Collapsible lands are generally found in arid and sub arid areas. These kinds of soils that are in metastable structure have high void ratio and low weight per unit volume. Loess soil that are wind deposits, residual soils, soils that are formed by volcanic ashes, alluvium soils, fine sand and silts, silt sand and loam are among the soils that have collapsing tendency. Collapsing that happened due to the increase on the water content of the base soil is generally seen in loosen silt layers that have low water cont...

Reservoir fracturing or fissuring is a natural phenomenon and a major factor in many Oil engineering studies. The factors that cause the Reservoir to fracture were analyzed in Tabnak Anticline, in Fars province of Iran using the borehole images information (EMI). A nonlinear simulation and assessment model of reservoir fracturing was established using the artificial neural network (ANN) technology to simulate the structure and function of the neural network (NN) of the human brain with engineering technology. The ...

Bubble-point pressure, gas solubility and viscosity of oils are of the most important parameters in use for petroleum and chemical engineers. In this study a simple-to-use; straight-forward mathematical model is correlated on a set of 94 crude oil data. The correlation is achieved based on an exponential regression. The results are compared with variety of conventional empirical correlations and have also been evaluated by comparison with 12 laboratory data other than those used for the regression. It has been con...

Boron is a micronutrient required for all plant nutrition. The main functions of boron relate to cell wall strength and development division, fruit and seed development, glucose transport and hormone. Boron (B) is required for all plant growth. Adequate B nutrition is critical for high yields and qulity of crops. Deficiencies of B result in many anatomical, biochemical, physiological changes in plants. The B requirement is much higher for reproductive growth than for vegetative growth in most plant species. Boron ...

Until the year of 1996, there had been an intense air pollution beyond standards because of the use of fossil fuels such as coal and fuel oil especially in homes in the winter. With the start of the use of natural gas in Istanbul after 1996 there has been a decrase in the amount of air pollution. In this study, the measurement values of pre and post natural gas use in 10 different measurement stations conducted by ‘Istanbul Metropolitan Municapality, Environment Protection and Development Department, Environment P...

Petroleum which is also known as black gold has a 150 year history. Oil which took part of coal in the 20th century is an important energy resource in economic and strategic terms. In the world, approximately the 26\% of oil reserves, and approximately 12\% 16 - 19 trillion cubic meters) of natural gas reserves are in the Caspian Sea. When we evaluate oil and natural gas reserves, the Caspian Sea (Region), not as much as the Persian Gulf, comes third after the Siberia in oil potential. Clean, cheap and safe way to...

Main aim of this study is characterization of environmental contamination in surrounding of abandoned Sb-deposits in Slovakia by toxic elements as result of longtime mining activity. Main scientific interest is focused on migration of toxic elements in soil profile, their sources and bindings on Fe-oxyhydroxides or other natural sorbents, possibility of input to aquatic systems in studied localities. Results of chemical analyses of soil samples showed large-scale contamination of soil profiles in studied localitie...

Drilling for mineral resources can be one of the most expensive processes in the exploration and production. Hence, drilling industry has been striving since its inception for developing drilling techniques which allow for fast drilling rates but ensuring the safety of the well and of the workers. Parameters affecting the drilling process can be cast in two major categories, rig and bit related parameters and formation parameters. The first category includes weight on bit, torque, rotational speed, and hydraulic p...

Rock-Eval pyrolysis is an exceptionally reliable and effective method in analysis and evaluation of source rocks. The suitable core or cutting sample choices, consequence of processing and investigations are indispensable condition for successful scientific applications. This study demonstrates geochemical data of representative pyrolysed Permian, Triassic and Jurassic fine grained sediments from Central South Moesian Platform Margin. The quantity and quality of the organic matter in rocks are measured and calcula...

Biomass resources include wood and wood wastes, agricultural crops and their waste by products, municipal solid waste, animal wastes, waste from food processing. Especially organic waste, dumped in open places causes heavy environmental pollution to soil, groundwater and surface waters as the amount of the waste generated is growing very fast. However, energy from biomass may significantly contribute to the growing future demand for energy. Energy from biomass avoids the net increase of carbon dioxide in the atmos...

The purpose of this study has been assessment of capability of Artificial Neural Networks in Gas Lift Operations optimization, which is in use for improved oil recovery from oil wells. This in detail is in fact estimation of the two most important parameters of the process, i.e. optimal injection depth and optimal gas injection rate. For gas lift, gas is injected continuously or intermittently at selected location(s), resulting in a reduction in the natural flowing gradient of the reservoir fluid, and thus reducin...

Past to present, climate changes take place on every sections of the world during the history. This is an ordinary fact when these changes occur naturally, i.e. the natural climate changes are the necessity of our world’s natural behavior, and then the beings on the world are not affected artificially. However, in recent years, some human activities that increase the concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere and cause global warming are the most effective factors playing great roles on changing t...