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Burning and thermal degradation of wood are the sources of contamination of environment by carbonyl compounds. Many com pounds from this group are toxic and have negative influence on human and environment. The paper presents results of research of carbonyl compounds arising at thermal loading of various wood species at various conditions of thermal loading. The samples of beech, fir, spruce and birch wood were thermal loaded at temperatures 135, 170, 205, 240, 270, 450 and 600 В°C. The carbonyl compounds were ana...

Drought issues are discussed: concept, definition and classification of drought as well as drought indices, drought prediction and monito ring. The second part is on the weather network in the country as a tool for drought monitoring.

To study the distribution and repetition of droughts, an ar chive of droughts has been created in eastern Georgia for 19 meteorol ogical stations for the vegetation period between 1961 and 2008. It has been eval uated geographic and meteorological conditions of droughts formation: conditions of humidity, temperature background, hydrothermal regime of soils. It has been studied the territorial distribution and probability of dry months, repetition of drought s within a season and a month, severe and ultra-severe dr...

An analysis of climatic and social-economic conditions of territory of Tomsk oblast was used to study environmental management risk connected with change of conditions of modern ecological system.

The analysis of the air quality impact of the industry production reduction was elaborated by means of th e air quality pollution modeling in accord with the Czech reference methodology SYMOS"97. All relevant pollution sources were included. It concerned local and contiguous extra large and large air pollution sources (REAPS 1), medium-sized sources, local heating systems (small sources) and the road traffic. Also the local pollution background and the tran sfrontier pollution transmission were estimated. The air ...

Building industry has an essential share in depletion of environment and, after food production, belongs to the largest consumer of raw materials. Exploitation, production or transportation of building materials, as well as build-up, operation or demolition of buildings requires massive amounts of energy and results in huge amounts of greenhouse or acidifying gasses emission, par ticipates in depletion of ozone layer, eutrophication processes or photochemical ozone creation. Selection of building materials, as pri...

In Turkey in the Tuncbilek coal basin, the subject area of this study, there are gray and brown colored marl formations. As known, the test specimens shall be conditioned in such a way as to be reached to the natural water content before the strength tests, and it is preferred to use the saturated specimen in order to be representative for levels below the groundwater. It is noticed that the gray marl core samples taken from Tuncbilek were broken into parallel slices by the influence of water in less than half an ...

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been known as human risk factors in urban environments, as well as primary contributors to the formation of photochemical oxidants.These compounds are a major component of atmospheric pollutants in Konya, that is a large city in Turkey. This study assessed the concentrations of seven volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including Ethylbenzene, m/p xylene, styrene , o- xylene, 1,3,5 Trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4 Trimethylbenzene and 1,2,3 Trimethylbenzene, in Konya/Turkey during the p...

The current climate change regulations have been investigated based on the data of 90 meteorological stations of Georgia from 1906 to 2005. It was revealed that the climate change has the mosaic character: arid landscapes became warm more quickly than humid ones, which were even cooled in many cases. The dynamics of recurrence of anomalous deviations of monthly average temperatures have been investigated.

Fluorine as one of the most abundant trace elements in coals is released into the air by combustion and pyrolysis of coal. The produced fluorine gaseous compounds, particularly hydrogen fluoride, are harmful due to their toxicity to living organisms and as a source of corrosion of metallic and ceramic materials. Reliable determination of generally very low concentrations of fluorine in coal (ten to hundred ppm level) is difficult. Standard analytical methods require tedious procedures for sample decomposition and ...

Industrial activities have the direct goal to help increasing the quality of life of the population. Beside positive direct and desired effects of industrial activities these have also negative, undesired and sometimes unthinkable effects on the environment and society. Especially mining based industrial activities have several unwanted impacts on environment, but not only on environment. With the goal of assuring the sustainable development of our human society it is therefore necessary to evaluate industrial pro...

Methane emissions released into the atmosphere during coal mining, exerts a double environmental impact, namely they participate to the ozone layer depletion process and, simultaneously, they have a significant contribution to the enforcement of the greenhouse effect. On the other hand, this methane can be used by the mining operators, as main or ancillary fuel resource for energetic purposes. Until now, in Romania an overall energetic potential study was not systematically carried out, regarding the hard coal bas...

The Earth climate has been changing during recent decades towards increase of global surface average temperatures. The process is known as “global warming”. The causes for this climate phenomenon have been globally disputed but most of world scientists participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change agreed on the fact that human industrialization has a major impact on this process by emitting additional quantities of greenhouse gasses (GHG) called anthropogenic emissions. The world nations have ...

Tectonic hollow of Kosovo with characteristic geological construction, specific geological - historical development and the presence of a great number of lignite strata in new sediments, present a very interesting region, specific for multidimensional study. The considerable reserves of lignite in Kosovo basin, ascertain from geological exploration, present important recourse in one side whereas its exploitation for combustion in Kosovo power plants presents a great environmental problem on the other side. Kosovo ...

Ambient particulate matter contains numerous organic species, including several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are known or suspected carcinogens. Atmospheric particles were collected using low-volume sampler on glass fiber filters among August 2007-June 2008. The study area is under the influence of heavy traffic. Filter samples were extracted with petroleum ether /n-hexane by ultrasonic agitation, concentrated, and measured at trace levels using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The method wa...

In southwestern Sibovc specific working conditions during development of technological process of production make necessary the working criteria to define ergonomically, particularly from the aspect of harmful influentials which send to professional injuries and diseases at work. For this reason in this studies are presented monitoring of noise measurements in southwestern Sibovc also light and microclimate measurements in oils laboratory. In following except the negative effects of noise, lightening, temperature,...

The properties of individual particles, rather than bulk aerosol characteristics, determine the environmental and health impact of the atmospheric pollutants. Single particles have been sampled during 30 fog episodes at the mount Milesovka (837 m a.s.l.) located in the industrially polluted area of north Bohemian brown coalfield. More than 2000 of these solid, water insoluble particles, collected from May 2006 till July 2007, have been analyzed by SEM-EDX and classified according to their shape, size and elemental...

Bond-Order Conservation-Morse Potential (BOC-MP) method is used in order to carry out the calculation. One of the best catalysts for methanol synthesis in catalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O is Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 whose surface is supported by with some amount of Pd or Ga. Reduction of CO2 with H2O on Cu will result in methanol formation; while on Ni will lead to methane formation. In the mechanism of methanol synthesis from CO2+ H2O on Cu, the formate (HCOO) hydrogenation step is ratedetermining step and in the mechanis...

In this study, global warming’s effects on soil temperature of Turkey was evaluated by analysis of the spatial and temporal variations of the soil temperature data with the help of 3.5D Geographical Information System (GIS) Models. Soil temperature data in 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 50 cm and 100 cm depths in 74 city centers since 1975 were used. These data were compared with 34 years mean temperature of each city and deviations were shown by using GIS on the map. It is determined that soil temperature values in Turkey...

The goals of the present work are: (1) A theoretical analysis of possible reaction pathways to the synthesis of methanol and methane from CO2 and H2O and the selection of the best path from the view point of energy. (2) Investigation of the kinetic of assumed reactions. For determination of mechanism, BOC-MP method is used. By using of this theory, it is possible to calculate the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters and therefore predict the intermediates and the mechanism of heterogeneous catalytic reaction. With...

Today, tourism is considered in a different approach, away from classic tourism understanding. The countries which have developed their national aviation and can create alternative tourism types have been ahead and had advantages in payment balances. However, the governments of some countries which guide the world tourism today have had to give financial support to save their aviation campanies under a heavy economical crisis after the 11th. september terror events and afterwards during the economic crisis. Under ...

Heat and exhaust emissions are representing two of the major health and safety issues induced by the presence of Diesel-mounted equipments in underground mines. The first one has greater effects in deep mines, while the second one requires a careful dimensioning of ventilation airflows in all mines. Taking into consideration the higher exposure level of Diesel mounted equipment drivers at the noxious products contained in the exhaust emissions, it clearly appears as a major safety concern the need for an expeditio...

For many years, natural disasters were perceived as unavoidable strokes of misfortune brought about by nature’s unpredictable forces. Taking into consideration the magnitude of the tsunami in Asia in 2004, the heavy floods in Mozambique in 2000, and Hurricane Mitch in Central America in 1998, we can see that developing countries are the most victims of such events, mostly due to their limited capacities and resources to mitigate disasters. On another hand is quite visible the efforts that are put on places both ...

Both, the current level of air pollution studies and social needs in the country, are in a stage mature enough for creating Bulgarian Chemical Weather Forecasting and Information System. For the purpose, a project is funded by the National Scientific Fund aiming at designing and setting up such a system able to provide timely, informative and reliable forecast products tailored to the needs of various users. The system is foreseen to provide in real time forecast of the spatial/temporal Air Quality behaviour for t...

Environmental health is the aspect of public health that is concerned with those forms of life, substances, forces and conditions in the surroundings of man that may exert an influence of human health and well-being. This definition includes other people as part of a person’s surroundings that contribute to the status of environmental health. The aim of environmental health education is to help students to achieve health by their own actions and efforts; to make the environmental health a valued community asset;...

The presented work is aiming at climate change impacts and vulnerability assessment in Bulgaria. Climate change may affect exposures to air pollutants by affecting weather and thereby local and regional pollution concentrations, by affecting anthropogenic emissions (emission scenarios), by affecting natural sources of air pollutant emissions (biogenic VOCs) and by affecting many other processes. Local weather patterns (namely temperature, precipitation, clouds, atmospheric water vapor, wind speed, and wind directi...

The more important eco-climatic indicators for study aspects are: sun-light, precipitations, temperatures, relative air humidity, wind and other atmospheric phenomenon. Bioclimate is considered as a combination among the vegetation area and climatic elements with indexes: temperature, precipitations, wind, air humidity etc. This combination creates a complete, continued and stable view of an area or some ecologic areas in relation to indexes of bio-climate content elements. The basic indexes of use on bioclimatic ...

In order to give an evaluation on the quality of air in Albania we refer to two socialeconomical periods, that before 1990 and that after 1990. In the period before 1990 are noticed some indicators which played a considerable role in the quality of air in Albanian environment. Some characteristics were: controlled demographic movements, industrial activities located in the suburbs, road transport with a limited number of vehicles, few constructions etc. economical social period after 1990 caused profound changes, ...

Eight selected heavy and trace elements (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni \& P) were analyzed in the dust fall samples collected from the surrounding areas adjacent to Al-Hisa phosphate mine central Jordan during summer 2008. The chemical analysis was done using the ICP-MS, after being digested with (HNO3/HCl) acid mixture. Beside the identification of their mineral constituents using the XRD. Moreover, the particle size determination on volume percentage basis for four fractions (PM<2.5, PM2.5– 10, PM10–100\& PM>10...

The presence of aerosol particles is strongly related with increased morbidity and mortality even at the ordinary aerosol concentration levels that occur in the urban environment. Aerosols contamination of indoor environment can originate from both outdoor and indoor sources (cooking, smoking etc.). Dangerous effect of particles consists in their penetration and deposition into human respiratory system. Because of inhalation exposure not only particulate size is important, but also particulate matter’s chemical ...

The city of Mitrovica, approximately 40 km north of Prishtina, was the site of one the largest lead smelters in Europe. The present environmental situation in Mitrovica, put as in front of the responsibility to act more rationally towards nature and to be more responsible towards the protection of the environment for future generations. The lack of protection of the environment during the last ten years, as well as the conflict in Kosova are the origin of huge problems regarding present environmental situation in ...

Nowadays the problem of global climate change is on the agenda of various disciplines from natural sciences to social sciences, politics, law, security and etc. The subject is dealt with from many different viewpoints and argued with different dimensions like social, technical and global. However, the migration phenomenon, one of the consequences of global climate change is perhaps the most important issue to dwell upon. Because of the environmental pollution and natural disasters, the number of immigrant increase...

Comprehensive atmospheric composition studies require multi-scale numerical experiments to be carried out, which to clarify to some extend different scale processes interaction, but also to further specify requirements for input data (emissions, boundary conditions, large scale forcing). Model interfaces from synoptic trough meso- to local scale have to be tailored. Shortly speaking, extensive sensitivity studies have to be carried out, tailoring the model set-up and parameters – a possible forerunner of single ...

Natural bitumen (NB) fields development in ecological terms is a complicated and responsible activity for a person. The activities consequence show up as air pollution by different harmful impurities, fresh water and land pollution by oil, bitumen and waste waters(1). Main sources of environment pollution (atmosphere, land, surface and groundwater) in oil and gas producing industry are oil and gas surface and subsurface structures. According to the existing legislation, NB field development project and design pape...

Using a panel dataset, containing information from Romanian industrial sector, this paper analyse the determinants of the pollution abatement expenditure, in the context of transition economy. We consider information related to the pollution abatement expenditure at plant level, plant – specific characteristics, state and local regulatory stringency, market incentives and community characteristics. Our results stress that the population’s potential for collective action in the environmental area is not signifi...

The Earth’s weather and climate are the result of the redistribution of heat. The major source of heat to the surface of the Earth is the sun, principally through incoming visible radiation most of which is absorbed by the Earth’s surface. The ocean redistributes this radiation and the atmosphere with the excess radiated back into space as longer wavelength, infrared radiation. Clouds and other gases, primarily water vapour and carbon dioxide, absorb the infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface and ...

Stara Zagora is one of the biggest towns in Bulgaria located in the middle of the country. In the summer of 2004 two very high level SO2 pollution events happened there, leading to serious discontent among the population. Analogous events happened in 2005, too. An attempt for numerical study of one of these episodes – from 8 to 11 of July 2005 is the subject of the present paper. The Models-3 system was applied for simulation and analysis of the episode with a sequential downscaling to a horizontal resolution of...

Some studies of the MM5/CMAQ modeling system sensitivity to changes of the emissions of ozone precursors are presented in the paper. Tree domains were set over Europe with resolution 90-30-10 km. The most inner domain embraces entirely Romania, Bulgaria and Greece. MM5 was run over these domains for June 2000 with NCEP 1x1 degree Global Analysis data. MM5 was run on the external grids in a “two-way nesting” and over the finer grid in a “one-way nesting” mode. EMEP inventory grid data and its 16.67 km deseg...

Heavy metal pollution is very important problem in waste water pollution around industrial area. Cupper has been used in many industries with civilisation period and a lot of water sources were contaminated by dissolved component of cupper metal. It has incredible effect on the micro-organisms and also other living organisms in water environment. For this reason, copper content of industrial wastewater must be decreased to the limits given in the international regulations. There are many methods may be used for he...

Recently, the noisy problem is increasing parallel to the improvement of the technology, which arises in the developed countries and makes the life difficult. It is recently one of crucial environmental problem that it is a sort of pollution, still least known and least struggled in our country. However, the investigations carried out on noise pollution have brought up that the matter is a problem of public health gaining importance increasingly. The aim of this study was noisy measurements, both to determine the ...

Air pollution is a growing environmental problem in the major cities of the world due to growing urbanization, motorization and industrialization, Kathmandu valley is not exception. In the valley (Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktrapur cities), quantity of Particulate Matter (PM10) is higher than WHO guideline (20 $\mu$g/m3 per year \&50 $\mu$g/m3 per 24 hour). This paper presents four years (2003-2006) monitoring and analysis of PM10 from 6 different stations of Kathmandu valley as well as tried to correlate among PM...

Modelling of air pollution parameters, according to the meteorological data is a necessary for preventing the repetition of same problems. During recent years, neural network-based models have been shown to be powerful tools in the simulation of variations in air quality and provide better alternative to statistical models because of their computational efficiency and generalization ability. In this study, prediction of future daily SO2 concentrations in Konya (Turkey) using MLP (Multilayer Perceptron) artificial ...

The studied area is 1960 km2 and located in Zanjan province and is placed between 48Вє, 48Вґ to 49Вє, 30Вґ east longitude and 35 Вє, 57Вґ to 36Вє, 36Вґnorth latitude. Human pollutants are mainly home and human sewage which is discharged by absorbent wells that seems to be one of the best ways of discharging sewage. On the other hand in the places where the underground water recharge the river, there is a possibility of having some environmental problems in the nearly future.Presently, the amounts of BOD5 and COD a...