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This paper presents the outcome of the study on the compaction and consolidation behaviour of class F fly ash of Talcher Thermal Power Station (TTPS)of India for stowing in the underground mines. Light weight compaction test is conducted by using Proctor mold as per IS: 2720 to determine the optimum moisture content and dry density of fly ash and pond ash samples. From the compaction test it is found that the optimum moisture content of fly ash is 34.25\% at a maximum dry density of 1.15 g/cm3. Similarly, the opti...

The preliminary goal of this study is to design, construct and test an automatic sequential precipitation sampling instrument. Testing includes collection of sequential precipitation samples, analyzing them and trying to find the sources of environmental pollution. Proposed sequential sub-event sampler is composed of two parts; mechanic and electronic hardware. Mechanical part includes a stepped 100 ml sampler cups on it, and a metallic body. Electronic part is composed of digital and analog sensors, various elect...

The world is being polluted rapidly in recent years. Pollution, which can stem from both natural and artificial causes, has a detrimental effect on our health and the environment. People’s contribution to the pollution cannot be emphasized enough. Technological development also plays an important role in environmental pollution. Extravagant uses of technology and people’s lack of sensitivity to the damages of technology cause pollution to increase in an uncontrollable rate. Pollution causes both global warming...

This work began with the hypothesis that buildings are designed and built to enhance the quality of our life. Many buildings fail to perform adequately and cause illness and productivity losses to the occupants. A lot of US and Europe studies have made the adverse health effects caused by indoor environmental exposure become more and more apparent. The growing impact of indoor pollution problem and property values, and its rise at the subject of litigation, has shown that limitations and the lack of comprehensiven...

In this study, it is aimed to find out which wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is more economical by means of comparison of initial investment costs and operational costs of decentralized and centralized domestic wastewater treatment plants in and around Antalya which is located in Mediterranean Region. For this purpose, data of 14 decentralized and 5 centralized domestic wastewater treatment plants is evaluated. The design flowrates of decentralized and centralized WWTP are varying 120-900 m3day-1 and 5000-22000 ...

Mudstone formation samples from Crete, GREECE are investigatedwith regard to their suitability as raw materials for rammed earth and adobe production. This paper deals with the mineralogical composition, soil particle size distribution of samples, as well as the analysis of sample consistency and compressive strength of rammed earth cube samples. Quartz and clay minerals are the major mineralogical constituents, whereas micas, chlorites, iron-oxides and hydroxides, carbonates and feldspars were detected in various...

Aim of the work is long-time monitoring of building reclamation mixtures on fly ash basis in pilot plant terms. The objective is to obtain a conclusive result set to prove that the interests of environment and people’s health protection are not endangered in the relation with natural geological surroundings by variant bulk mass mining technological utilisation in the area of open pit mines or a power industry. A rigorous assessment of the referential qualitative parameters of monitoring points environment is rep...

This paper will first discuss the environmental pollution that threatens the world’s presence and its consequences. Then, it will concentrate on one of the most important concequences of environmental pollution, the global warming, its antecedents and activities that result in CO2 emition. The negative effect of CO2 and greenhouse gases on the atmosphere, on the seas, climate changes, melting of the icebergs and the resulting scarcity, starvation, desertification will be explained. As one of the reasons of globa...

This study given a simple physic and hydraulics explication behind earthquake, called Tsunami. This explication based to energy conservation equation and wave properties have bind used to understand this phenomenon. As we calculated, the Energy E, Velocity v and wave length $\lambda$ of tsunami are decreased but the amplitude of tsunami wave A is increased when it reaches the land, respectively. The changing of wave height when it close to the shore makes tsunami difficult to be detected at early stage. From our f...

The most important creeks discharging to the Beysehir Lake (Sarisu, Ustunler, Ebulvefa, Eflatun) and their drainage area form the southeast basin of the lake. In this study will be given briefly the rocks in these basins and their hydrochemical relation with surface and subsurface water The Lower – Middle Cambrian Caltepe formation comprises of dolomite, crystallized limestone and nodular limestone, occurs at the basement and, has reservoir rock characteristics. The Upper Cambrian – Lower Ordovician Seydisehir...

Foundries melt ferrous and non-ferrous metals and alloys and reshape them into products at or near their finished shape through the pouring and solidification of the molten metal or alloy into a mold. The foundry industry is a differentiated and diverse industry. It consists of a wide range of installations, from small to very large, each with a combination of technologies and unit operations selected to unit the input, size of series and type of product produced by the very specific installation. The foundry proc...

Bathymetric mapping is the first step in any underwater and sea bed investigation, especially for petroleum exploration. In most we face with a complex of sand and gravel covering the bottom of the sea. Differentiate these two type of seafloor covering material is the case of many research in offshore exploration. In this article We investigated a practical case history to define and show the differences of sand and gravel in their images. The images were obtained by the Yellow-Fin side scan sonar instrument and p...

With developing industries particularly dying industries and complication in the structure of dye molecules and resulting wastewaters from these plants cause a serious threat to the environment (due to resistance to biological treatment). The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of coupled system (UV/ZnO+SnO2) in the removal of acid yellow 23 (AY23) a mono-azo dye from aqueous solutions. In these experiments ZnO and SnO2 were employed in a single and coupled form in slurry conditions and the optimum...

Rural area of Croatia covers 90\% of land in Croatia, and there 47\% of total population living in it. These are mostly poorly developed areas in Croatia, and they are being expanded all the time, which causes the emigration of population. In order to trigger the development of rural areas, some measures are planned, among other things the land consolidation that might increase the economic efficiency of family farms, and hence, prevent the emigration of population from villages. Namely, small family farms being l...

This study aims to ensure the offshore pipeline under offshore vortex shedding analysis. Optimizations process depending on the iterative procedures requires an analysis considering each of extreme condition on the internal and external pipe flow. The stabilization of the offshore pipeline on sea bottom exposed to wind-generated wave and uniform-steady current action is achieved by utilized artificial concrete weights and sliding resistance between pipe and soil. Additionally, the vortex shedding induced dynamical...

This report are containing results of the analyses about quality estimation of water at the 35 hydrological and hydro-geological nature monuments of the republic of Tatarstan, which was been investigated analytical methods. This is objects of hydrosphere, are having more ecology-pure water in comparison with other analogs in that region which is known as region having intensively developed structure of an oil-extracting complex. In this region are difficulty to execute the long-term forecast of dynamics of change ...

Heavy metal contamination of soils possess a serious health threat and has become one of the major constraining factors in remediating a wide range of contaminated sites. Soil contains various components such as clay, kaolin, feldspar, quartz, etc. Soil composition (type of soil), soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), particle size, time and type of contamination, geological layout, etc. all play a major role in establishing the effectivenes of biosurfactant. In this study, the effects of saponin concentration,...

The abandoned mining area Smoln\'\ik in Slovakia belongs to the old environmental loads because of acid mine drainage (AMD) production. Massive pyrite oxidation and free sulphuric acid production are the major reason of water acidification (pH about 2-4) and dissolving of heavy metals from metallic ores. This acid mine drainage (AMD) contents high metal concentrations that variable in dependence on rainfall intensity (e.g. Fe 500- 400 mg/l; Cu 3-1 mg/l; Zn 13-8 mg/l and Al 110-70 mg/l) and it can be transferred in...

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), resulted from the oxidation of sulphide-bearing rocks, is one of the most significant environmental challenges facing the mining industry worldwide. AMD impacts stream and river ecosystems by increasing acidity, depleting oxygen, and releasing heavy metals. They may occur during mining operations or long after a mine has been abandoned. Smoln\'\ik is an abandoned mine in the east of Slovakia that contribute AMD to rivers and streams. AMD from the Smoln\'\ik mine (shaft Pech), influences n...

Sb-mineralization had been exploited in many localities in Slovakia. Contamination of environment by Sb, As and other heavy metals is specific problem of Slovak mining regions. Natural background for groundwater in Slovakia was appointed to 1 $\mu$g/l for Sb and 5 $\mu$g/l. Two localities Poproc (in eastern part of Slovakia) and Dubrava (in The Low Tatras) are abandoned Mining areas where the stibnite ores had been exploited for many years. These areas represent high potential environmental risk because of transpo...

The sintering and phase formation of glass press-powders, obtained after melting and re-melting of MSW bottom ash, were investigated by non-isothermal dilatometry and differential thermal analysis. Additionally, a series of composite materials, containing 20 vol \% corundum powders with different fraction size, were prepared and studied. The crystalline phases, formed at different temperatures, were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and the structure of glasses and final materials were observed by scanning electron m...

The work discuses three ceramic compositions containing no feldspars and based on 30, 50 and 70 wt \% Blast Furnace Slag (BFS), respectively, 30 \% kaolin and quartz sand. Initially, the processes of phase formation and densification were estimated using nonisothermal Differential Thermal Analysis and Dilatometry. After that, the degree of sintering at different temperatures and times was measured by linear shrinkage and water absorption. The phase composition and the structure of final materials were evaluated wi...

The utilisation of fly ash must be searched for because of its current production. One possibility of the use is at old mines liquidation, where the ash can be used as a consolidated filling material. The consolidated filling material consisting of conventional fly ashes consolidated by a hydraulic binding material is transported to a pit in a suitable slurry consistency which ensures the strength for definite pit sections up to 5 MPa. Common requirements on physico-mechanical qualities are the pressure strength m...

Environmental large-scale contamination in surrounding of abandoned Sb-deposits in Slovakia by toxic elements (Sb, As, Zn, Pb, Cu...) as result of long-time mining activity is still undiscovered field. Surroundings of abandoned antimony deposit Popro\vc bear high concentrations of toxic contaminants mainly of sulfide relative minerals. Pollution resulting from long-time mining activity was observed in area adjacent to adit Agnes showing Sb concentrations within values 4 700 – 10 000 mg.kg-1 and maximum As concen...

Actual circumstances of the old storages are treated, created from the enrichment processes in the Trepca Flotation plant, Kishnica’s and Albanik (ex Leposavic) mines. According to the existing documentation there are dragged out more than 60m ton of rich minerals with Pb, Zn, Ag, Au, pyrite and other minerals from Trepca mines. This process was developed in the flotation plants of Stanterg, Kishnica and Albanik mines, achieved in a dispersive complex, as well as during the physical-chemical process. The separat...

The decolorization of C.I. Reactive Orange 36 (RO 36) by using Fenton-like process (Fe0/H2O2) was studied. Batch experiments were carried out for investigation of optimum operational conditions such as pH, H2O2 and Fe0 (iron powder) dosages. The results show that Fenton-like process is an efficient process to remove color from synthetic textile wastewater including RO 36 and polyvynil alcohol (PVA). The optimal conditions were experimentally determined and it was found to be initial pH = 3, [H2O2] = 50 mg/L, [Fe0]...

This study was focused on the application of Fenton (Fe+2/H2O2) process for the decolorization of colored synthetic wastewaters. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and C.I. Reactive Blue 21 (RB 21) were used as model pollutants. The selection of the optimal operating conditions (initial concentration of H2O2 and Fe2+) was performed in a batch reactor. The optimal reacting conditions were experimentally determined and it was found to be initial [H2O2] 20 mg/L, [Fe+2] 37.5 mg/L for synthetic wastewater containing [RB 21] 50 mg...

This study examined the decolorization of one of the most commonly used reactive dye by using the Fenton-like process [Iron pyrite/ H2O2]. Raw iron pyrite ore contains 28,68 \% Fe. Oxidation experiments were run in 500 mL-glass beakers that were continuously stirred for up to 180 min at a constant rate of 200 rpm, after initiation of the Fenton process. A series of experiments were carried out at various concentration of hydrogen peroxide and raw iron pyrite ore while the pH value was kept constant at 3 in order t...

In previous papers, we emphasised the important antimicrobial properties of some pyrazine and quinoxaline derivatives. In order to extend the research in the 1,4-diazine series, in this study we investigate the synthesis and amtimicrobial properties of some pyrazine and 6-methyl-quinoaline new derivatives. To this stage, we synthesised various cycloimmonium salts with acetophenone skeleton. On further treatment of diazinium salts in alkaline medium, we obtained ylidic intermediates. The existence in situ of ylids ...

The world population has been increasing rather fast along with an inevitable rise in the process of industrialization. Today, the world population has reached 7.2 billion and it has been struggling for better standards of life. However, the ecological equilibrium has been tilted off as a result of depletion of natural resources and of the damage to the nature in order to obtain such packaging materials used for the needs of 7.2 billion people, mainly in terms of food and catering sectors as well as textile, furni...

In this study leachate from solid waste landfill in Konya Municipal area was used. Landfill occupies 24 ha area with an average height of 8 m in the total area of 350 ha at the present time. The amount of solid waste generated is about 800-850 tons/day in summer and 950-1,000 tons/day in winter months yielding the average leachate flow rates of about 100 m3/day. The main characteristics of the leachate are chemical oxygen demand in the range of 7,500-55,000 mg/L, biological oxygen demand after 5 days of 4,000-36,5...

Renewable energy source is a source which energetic potential permanently renews with natureВґs processes or with the activity of man. Renewable-based energy sources have as yet played a negligible role in SlovakiaВґs energy balance. However there is the global trend toward more intensive use of these clean energies, therefore their higher utilisation is enshrined among the strategic goals of energy policies of most of the countries worldwide, including Slovakia. Necessity of energy and exploitation of the energet...

The utilization possibilities of secondary raw materials in civil engineering are presented in this paper. Three various solid waste kinds were tested as a partial cement or natural aggregate material replacement in construction applications. The influence of mechanically and chemically activated coal fly ash as 25 wt. \% cement replacement and steel slag and recycled concrete as aggregate fraction replacement on compressive strength development of composites during hardening was investigated. The addition of the ...

Antimony mineralization has been intensively exploited at numerous deposits in Slovakia from 17th century until a while since. Weathering and dissolution processes in the environment of mine tailings and closed mines, mobilize elevated levels of toxic elements such as arsenic and antimony, which represent dangerous contaminants for the surrounding ecosystem. The problem of contaminated groundwater should be solved and one of the possible remediation method is the Permeable reactive barrier system (PRB). The choice...

Technological developments in 20 and 21 centuries have highered up standards of living and created welfare and more comfortable living conditions for mankind. However, together with the increasing world population, environmental problems have also increased and diversified based on various reasons. Therefore, with the aim of solving the existing air, water and earth pollution problems and taking them under control, laws and regulations have been put into force and announced both internationally and domestically. T...

On the basis of the mathematical model of acoustic field behind the first line of buildings [1] is created program insurance for PC and operational system WindowsВ®. The incoming information includes: coordinated of the angle and altitude of buildings, sources, power and frequency of sound, coordinates of the points for which the calculations are made for (figure 2). The program is composed from 7 basic modules. The connection between them is represented in figure 1. The results from the calculations are shown by ...

Noise is an important factor affecting human health psychologically due to lack of performance, hearing failures, decreases in heart beats, physiologically due to higher brain liquid pressure and sociologically due to lack of communication. Especially in closed working areas, it has significant negative effects on the performance. Noise control in closed working areas is generally done with boron added cellulosic mixture sprayed on the structure or surfaces with required thicknesses. In this study, noise was gener...

The microalgae from a genus Pseudo-nitzschia are constantly presented in the plankton at the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. They are described as potential toxic and their monitoring is significant for the Black Sea’s ecosystem, fishing development and aquacultures. Aspects such as distribution density, biomass and bloom’s forming from this group of algae are explored in this article. Since 1996 to 2005, one great blooming of P.delicatissima is observed and the rest are below 5 000 x 103 cells/l. The frequencies a...

The importance of a high literacy consciousness in the development of societies is a known fact. Scientific literacy is the fundamental criterion to catch the era in social, scientific and technological fields. Science, Technology and Society (STS) literacy level and the sensitivity of the natural environment protection is crucial in the economic and technologic development of countries. For this reason, the developed countries applied STS literacy to all layers of the societies. The developing countries have to p...

To implement large-scale multiagent systems (MAS) in the paper is proposed a new system design methodology towards environment-centered design. The interaction of blocks that compound the structure of multiagent system for environment processes is described. These links consist in system simulation, where agents and human-controlled units coexist in virtual space to jointly perform simulations and augmented experiment. As an application of environment-centered design, environment embedded agents for a large-scale ...

In the long term, there are no alternatives to an environmentally compatible mode of production and consumption. Global warming, the loss (depletion) of stratospheric ozone and tropical forests, marine pollution and soil erosion, world-wide air pollution and the world-wide loss of biodiversity can no longer be denied. Only if every individual adapts his or her activities to the limits of our environment, can the targets presented here be achieved. In the debate on consumption patterns in industrialized societies i...

The problem of recycling worn car tires is ecologically and economically important. Worn-off tires are a source of long-term environmental pollution. Tires subject to no biological decomposition, they are inflammable and being ignited 1 ton of tires releases in the atmosphere 270 kg of carbon black and 45 kg of toxic gases. At the same time, they contain valuable raw materials such as rubber resin and metal. The most optimum of all known tire-recycling methods is low-temperature pyrolysis that provides complete re...

Coastal zones are exposed to many dynamic processes that usually cause changes on long and short time spans. Erosion, sediment transport, environmental pollution and coastal development are among the most severe processes impacting the coastal zones. Monitoring of shoreline change needs a long-term commitment and objective decisions on shoreline change are usually made based on shoreline and erosion monitoring data that are usually acquired cumulatively over a long period of time. The purpose of the present work i...

Water is the key Element in social and economic development of the country, which is becoming a scares resource due to over-increasing demands of the growing population, Agriculture, Hydropower and Industrial Users. Site selection of industries in the river side, usually affect on the monitoring program. Thus the monitoring of the rivers for the effective management and planning in the water section has become most predominant aspect and need to pay attention to the best program for industries location. Haraz is a...

Gold mining is attracting increasing attention in many countries of the world, although it has a major impact on the environment. Large quantities of hazardous chemicals such as mercury or sodium cyanide are consumed to recover gold from its ores. Therefore, this activity should be carefully regulated by means of global directives based on an up-to-date knowledge of ecotoxicity principles and modern environmental standards. In light of recent developments in world gold mining, Turkiye has caught the attention of f...

The analysis of the practical applications of the findings of the preliminary tests for the effectiveness of the disinfection treatments with high-frequency cold plasma conducted on samples collected from patrimony items and reference materials of organic nature has shown that the microbiological investigations confirm the biocide action of the HF plasma in fighting bacteria (after 45 minutes in the samples of icon wood and natural silk, 60 minutes in the cotton samples, 90 minutes in the archaeological wood and l...

This report describes the morphogenesis of the cyathium in two subspecies of Euphorbia myrsinites L. occurring in the flora of Romania related to the vascular transition. Our histo-anatomical researches established the origin of the vascular system in the different parts of the cyathium (involucre, nectary glands, monostaminate male flowers and female flower).

Our investigations have focused on observations concerning the horse-chesnut’s (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) leaves in various phenophases, the state of the leaf surfaces and histo-anatomical changes of the leaves under the influence of the atmosphere pollutants (sulphur dioxide, chlorine, ammoniac, lime or cement powders). The histo-anatomical changes induced by the gaseous and solid atmosphere pollutants on the lamina have been observed in protecting tissues, assimilator tissues (the palisade and the spongy tiss...

In this paper it has been assessed the current situation of the old vestige material deposits created during the Pb-Zn concentrate production process. Flotations of Stant\"erg, Kishnica and Albanik, have exposed those vestige materials in the open surface field and are treated as main source of the air contamination in Mitrovica and surroundings, Kizhnica and Albanik. The results which make powerful the opinion that application of the hydro filling method of exploitation in all Trepca mines are shown as well, sinc...

The photodegradation of Acid Yellow 23 a model compound from monoazo textile dyes was investigated using TiO2, SnO2 and TiO2+SnO2 suspension as photocatalysts at different gap sizes. The results showed that the coupled particles were not much different from single TiO2 system at the gap size of 4.5 cm in a batch reactor. But the coupled system was more effective when the gap size was reduced to 2.5 cm. A complete decolorization occurs at the gap size of 1.1 cm after 20 min of irradiation while 90\% decolorization ...