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Biomass-produced biocarbon has low surface functionality and a reduced pore volume, these properties reduce the performance of the biocarbon and limit its applications. Among the various surface engineering strategies, oxidation leads to both an increase in pore volume and surface functionality, by introducing oxygen-containing chemical groups. This study presents a short review of the oxidation pathways in surface engineering of biocarbon materials, evaluates the controlling factors, such as key parameters, that ...

The depletion of fossil fuels is a major concern for the world because of the demand for energy that has increased rapidly with population growth and urbanization. For sustainable development, energy producing industries are trying to find suitable substitutes for petroleum fuel that are environmentally friendly and economically feasible. Biomass ,such as bio-oil and biochar production, could be a possible alternative energy source. Production of biochar and bio-oil from chicken manure(CM) by the pyrolysis process...