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The standard impedance condition is the simplest way of simulating the material properties of a planar surface. This method is only accurate if the coating is very thin or lossy. To improve the accuracy, generalized impedance conditions can be used to simulate the material properties of a planar surface. The accurate solution of a scattering problem via planar slab depends on its thickness, the wavelength of incident wave, and material properties of the slab. Since boundary condition is local in character, accurac...

This is a study that a comparasion was trying to establish the difference between government –private sector health care workers and randomly selected group of people on the issue of Environment and Health Literacy .Besides the literacy of the environment but also evaluation of behaviour of proctection of environment close and remote vicinty were studied.Also in this study, comparison was trying to make between participants on the issue of information source and primary reason of environmental awareness. This st...

Environmental health is the aspect of public health that is concerned with those forms of life, substances, forces and conditions in the surroundings of man that may exert an influence of human health and well-being. This definition includes other people as part of a person’s surroundings that contribute to the status of environmental health. The aim of environmental health education is to help students to achieve health by their own actions and efforts; to make the environmental health a valued community asset;...

Environment includes social, cultural, economic and political considerations, as well as the more usually understood features such as soil, climate and food supply. Notably, biological agents are sensitive to environmental conditions. To sum up, the relative ease and low cost of producing biological agents, the difficulties in detecting their presence and treating exposed victims and their potential will be used not only for humans but crops and livestock as well. In the future The terrorists probably being use bi...

The presented work is aiming at climate change impacts and vulnerability assessment in Bulgaria. Climate change may affect exposures to air pollutants by affecting weather and thereby local and regional pollution concentrations, by affecting anthropogenic emissions (emission scenarios), by affecting natural sources of air pollutant emissions (biogenic VOCs) and by affecting many other processes. Local weather patterns (namely temperature, precipitation, clouds, atmospheric water vapor, wind speed, and wind directi...

In Romania the estimation of the qualitative and quantitative status for the groundwater bodies was maded for each delineated groundwater body. The monitoring and knowledge activity of the groundwater bodies are made on the river basins through the observation wells for the shallow and depth groundwaters. The majority of these wells belong to the National Hydrogeological Network, but for the polluted areas there are local monitoring networks. The BuzДѓu-IalomiЕЈa river basin is one of the eleven Water Directions f...

Addresses constitute a very important part in the infrastructure of the society. They are exploited not only in everyday life but also in an infinite number of activities. In civil service are addresses linked to civil engineering, cadastre, administration, risk and health management etc. In business an address serves as a primary navigation tool for marketing, insurance, banking, telecommunications, tourism, logistic and others. Citizens encounter the addresses for understanding of the spatial context, through ca...

Land planning is more and more understood to be a decisive tool, by means of which the society secures the systematic solving of functional, economic and engineering problems of the arrangement of landscape settlement, the rational use and protection of natural resources. The paper deals with an evaluation of four selected geobarriers (flood lands, radon hazard, undermining and slope movements) by means of geographic information systems that are geofactors endangering or limiting landscape and environment or make ...

The water pollution on marine ecosystems could cause health problems through water contamination and in a direct contact, when used for recreation aims, or in indirect way, by the negative impacts to marine ecosystems and by consuming of polluted marine products. The samplings of marine water (2007) are taken from the stratum water surface about 10 cm, at a distance 10-20 m by sea coast. At sandy beaches, where water depth in sea coast is shallow, water samples are taken at distance 10-30 m from sea coast with wat...

Pillars are key structural columns in underground mining. They are usually made of in situ intact ores and do not have additional reinforcements. Their main function is temporary or permanent support of ore ceiling of rooms during excavation and mining. Coal pillar strength is usually estimated according to empirical formulae obtained from field observations. Todays, numerical models have found increasing use in pillar design. The FLAC3D Software based Mohr-Coulomb Strain Softening (MCSS) failure criterion was use...

The more important eco-climatic indicators for study aspects are: sun-light, precipitations, temperatures, relative air humidity, wind and other atmospheric phenomenon. Bioclimate is considered as a combination among the vegetation area and climatic elements with indexes: temperature, precipitations, wind, air humidity etc. This combination creates a complete, continued and stable view of an area or some ecologic areas in relation to indexes of bio-climate content elements. The basic indexes of use on bioclimatic ...

Seashore, generally, especially cliffs, are very often affected by problems with instability. Such problems often lead to endanger of existing properties, excavations or structures under construction and to increase in expenses. The prime trigger for land slipping is a high ground water level. The method of dewatering is important. Some traditional drainage techniques are proven methods. However, two innovative deep drainage systems, siphon drains and electropneumatic drains, could have certain advantages. Two exa...

Slag are by-products by metallurgical processes. The most famous slag are blast furnace slag and steel slag. Their treatment and using are known and their using is very extensive. Cupola slag formats by cast- iron production in cupola furnace. In some countries it is used by roadway building but in Slovakia it is waste only. In some European countries it is granulated and granulation product is used in building industry. Cupola slag is after tipping from cupola furnace casted in to slag dip and put in to waste dep...

One of the main purposes of today public policy is to find a way of encourage the sustainable development. In our econometric approach we seek to find a possible connection between the environmental components of a nation’s budget and the GDP. The hypothesis is that if the GDP permits the public decision makers could ensure a high level of environmental public utilities. Trying to identify a bound between macroeconomic aggregates and the environment is not something new. The Chinese Green GDP is something simila...

ly ash is one of the residues generated in the combustion of coal. Fly ash is generally captured from the chimneys of coal-fired power plants, all fly ash includes substantial amounts of silicon dioxide (SiO2) (both amorphous and crystalline) and calcium oxide (CaO). In the past, fly ash was generally released into the atmosphere, but pollution control equipment mandated in recent decades now requires that it be captured prior to release. Total amount of fly ash produced at coal-fired power plants is about 450 mil...

Konya is the biggest city of Turkey in terms of area and agricultural land, on the other hand sixth biggest city in terms of population. Because of the decrease of rainfall and increase in temperature, the agricultural production and daily water consumption are effected negatively in last years. Rainfall, one of the basic parameters of the hydrological cycle, has a big importance to determine the water budgets and to improve the water supply policy. In this study, monthly total rainfall data belong to Konya betwee...

The main goal of 2D and 3D object visualization is to present measured data in other way than in forms of text records and tables. FOTOM system is a general purpose platform for technical and medical image analysis. The primary target is to measure specified objects of interest. This paper covers the general description of the system and its main functions. We will briefly describe newly implemented modules for statistical evaluation, 3D modeling and 2D animation.

The metamafic rocks are represented by amphibolite, garnet-bearing amphibolite and amphibole-bearing schists, associated with a series of supracrustal metasediments in Pan-African basement of the Bitlis massif. The geochemical data of the samples propose different igneous protolithes varying from calcalkaline basalt to andezite. The samples can be classified as Group-1(low Zr) and Group-2 (high Zr), all displaying various enrichments in large ion lithophile (LIL) and light rare earth (LRE) elements and depletion i...

Main aim of this study is characterization of environmental contamination in surrounding of abandoned Sb-deposits in Slovakia by toxic elements as result of longtime mining activity. Main scientific interest is focused on migration of toxic elements in soil profile, their sources and bindings on Fe-oxyhydroxides or other natural sorbents, possibility of input to aquatic systems in studied localities. Results of chemical analyses of soil samples showed large-scale contamination of soil profiles in studied localitie...

The “Pecine” Tunnel is located on the Croatian national road D404 which connects the centre of city Rijeka and Su\vsak port with the Rijeka Bypass. Because of many specificities, namely, three-lane and four-lane sections, two connections, tunnel’s location near the residential area and railway, it was required special approach to its construction. In this paper geodetic procedure and the results of stake out supervising of some tunnel elements, cross profile surveying, as well as verification and adjustment ...

One of the main purposes of GIS is to provide organization with increased information and analyzing spatial data. A GIS can become increasingly more valuable in prediction of quantitative or qualitative variables in no measured locations when coupled to Artificial Intelligence (AI). ANN is one of the AI fields that is a highly simplified model for the biological structure of a human brain. An ANN when linked to GIS, can be useful for evaluating, monitoring, decision making and of course predicting. In this study, ...

Submitted paper describes collector of the quaternary sediments and the simulation of the groundwater in this collector. The interest area is situated to the central part of the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin in the Czech Republic. There is one of the biggest coals opencast mine called CSA in the Czech Republic. The groundwater flow in the quaternary sediments brings in consequence great stability problem of the upper overburden cuts. We decided to construct the three dimensional geological model of the quaternar...

The study area is located at the southwest end of Taurid Orogenic belt, around YanД±klar\cCiftlik- Karagedik (Fethiye-MuДџla) and covers approximately an area of 77 km2. In the study area magmatic and sedimentary rocks formed in Mesozoic-Senozoic period crop out. Eventhough the Upper Triassic-Low Jurassic Kayak\"oy formation represented by dolomite, cherty dolomite and dolomitic limestone occurs at the basement of the study area. This unit lies tectonically on the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous BabadaДџ formation...

This paper is devoted to a quite new development stage of Geoinformatics when science turns from specialists to mass users. Some time ago Cartography went by the same way. However, there is a danger to have too many GIS-makers like map-makers and to forget that Geoinformation systems should be considered not only as entertainment thing but also as decision-making tool. Especially it is a topical question if we speak about remote sensing data, which recently became available for each Internet-user, and Google masss...

The growing concern for the preservation of heritage in face of natural hazards led to the appearance of the Regional Framework Operation (OQR) NOE - Heritage and Prevention of Natural Hazards under the Community Initiative INTERREG III C. The OQR NOE, led by the Provence-Alpes-Cote d’Azur (PACA, France) region, together with the Northern Portuguese regional coordination agency (CCDR-N), Molise and Sicily regions (Italy) and eastern region of Attica (Greece) aimed at developing preventive measures to safeguard t...

Novel or accelerated global changes call for local action. The question on how to adapt to global change led recently to the formulation of a number of national and regional adaptation strategies to climate change. Beside climate, however, also other aspects as land use, agricultural markets and social structures are affected by and in return influence the perpetual global change. The steady interaction between regional development and global change further complicates a holistic strategy formulation. In order to ...

The climate change due to global warming is accepted among the greatest environmental problems resulted from the human effects of increasing energy consumption, urbanization and deforestation events threatening the healthy life of people and environment. Many results of the climate change due to global warming can be estimated as the melting of snow covers, terrestrial and sea icebergs, replacement of climate zones, frequent formation of severe weather events, floods that gain strength in time, severe droughts, fo...

The very sharing of resources that lies at the heart of the Grid concepts is of utmost importance in the case that we are studying. Securing the sharing of instruments through industry standard methodologies offers an unprecedented way for scientists to cooperate efficiently through standardized security means, without the incompatibility of implementing interoperability layers for each different experiment and site combination. We performed our model use case analysis in two complementary ways: by the examination...

As a foundation material, gypsum differs from other rocks in that voids may be found at almost any depth within the rock mass. Collapse structures in gypsum terrains are the most serious geological hazards because they can damage engineering structures, settlement areas, natural lakes, and allow infiltration of contaminant into the groundwater. Collapse and subsidence may occur in the course of time or suddenly and catastrophically. Presentation of engineering geological data in the form of a hazard map is a usefu...

Low rise buildings are particularly vulnerable to ground movements sourced from swelling and shrinking of the expansive clays. Geotechnical engineers have long recognized that Swelling of expansive clays caused by moisture variation may result in considerable damage to the overlying structures, and engineers should take them into the consideration. The literature contains a vast number of stabilizing techniques such as lime, cement, fly-ash for treatment of expansive clays. However the use of gypsum as a stabilizi...

Nature 2000 is a protected-areas network implemented in Europe as a result of this community concerns about use of biodiversity and the quality of the environment. Every EU state member had to designate Nature 2000 sites in order to preserve the habitats and species listed in Habitats and Birds Directives. Romania faced this challenge by completing this process in a very short period, based on the literature and field observations gathered by scientists and other stakeholders in the field of biodiversity. For Cali...

The North-Western Bohemia region takes a unique position in the history of mining in the Czech Republic. Several ore districts are situated here, the welfare of which influenced the development of the Czech state in some periods. Some precious stones mining was also significant. Today the North-Bohemian Basin area is known for its largest Czech brown coal deposit. The history of mining has been mainly linked to three large ore districts in the North- Western Bohemia region. Jachymov is the most important one. It u...

Anatolia was one of the centers of marble production and trade especially in antique ages.Quarries that provided the marble used in the majestic structures in huge proportions of the antique era were located mostly in Western Anatolia .Marmara Island is in the Northwest Anatolia,Marmara Sea took its name from “Marmaro”,meaning marble in Greek ;it contains the most important white marble quarries and was the most important export center especially during Roman period.Quarries where the bluish Marmara Marble was...

The map reading process is not a customary work. We pass through some steps while we get the necessary information from the map: Introduction to external components of the map; Sign vehicle recognition; Perception of the sign meaning; Superinterpretation. These four processes are discussed in the paper. It is shown their meaning for the swiftness and correctness of sign perceptions, cartographic signs construction; and creating of map legend.

The "Drmno" coal strip mine is one of the most important factors of the electro-power system of Serbia. The coal exploitation has taken place over 20 years (since 987), with the exploitation of 6В·106 tons in 2007. The coal exploitation is complicated by the waterbearing character of the roof sediments, which is the consequence of the vicinity of the rivers Danube and Mlava. Groundwater protection is performed using the wells distributed in several lines (about 200 wells). Current solutions were formed either with...

The coal basin of Kosova has a huge coal reserves, they are the main power sources for thermo power stations of Kosova. The lignite is distributed across the Kosova, Dukagjini and Drenica Basins, although mining has so far been restricted to the Kosova Basin. The first systematic records of lignite exploitation since 1922, when a smallscale, shallow underground room-and-pillar mining commenced in the Kosova Basin. This case of study presents the hydrogeological conditions of the coalfield Sibovc, which is a part o...

The submitted paper describes general data about geology, hydrology and hydrogeology of Radovesice dump. There are eleven hydrogeological monitoring objects in the area of interest. Monitoring of the water level in these objects is proceeding every month. Hydrogeological objects are situated to the aquifers inside the dump body and close to the dump floor. Monitored values, atmospheric precipitation and configuration of surface streams create comprehensive view on the hydrogeological system of the Radovesice dump.

Mining in upper Me\vza valley had more than 350 years of tradition. Lead and zinc ore deposit was developed in the triassic carbonate layers on the area of 64 km2. Until 1994, when the mining process was stopped, miners excavated about 19 million tons of lead and zinc ore and over 1000 km of galleries and pits. A crucial aspect of the Me\vzica mine was the dewatering issue. Me\vzica ore deposit is developed in Triassic carbonate rocks – limestone and dolomite. The area is of rough mountainous relief rising from ...

To many countries heavy metal pollution is a problem related with areas of intensive mining activities and industry. Extensive exploitation of metallic minerals in the territory of Kosovo from antiquity until now days effected on environmental and river flows plane pollution. During September/November 2006 in Kizhnica/Artana was done stream sediment sampling (304 samples) main attention on precious metals (Au, Ag) and base metals (Zn, Pb, Cu). The stream sediment survey area is situated ESE of Prishtina with an ex...

It is estimated that useful life of world’s well known petroleum reserves will last 40 years, natural gas will last 61 years and coal reserves will be exhausted in 227 years. Decrease in fossile fuel reserves due to fast consuming and environmental damages due to increasing environmental pollution makes it necessary to orient towards new and renewable energy resources. Natural thorium comprising blend of completely radioactive isotopes was first discovered by Berzelius in 1828 and its radioactivity was revealed ...

Transparency, mobility and recognition in higher education are the aims of the Bologna Declaration. That is why participation in the European Higher Education on Bologna Process provides one of the important stimuli for change in Turkish Universities like many European countries which are currently the members of European Higher Education System. The European credit transfer system for VET (ECVET) in order to allow learners to build on the achievements resulting from their learning pathways when moving between lea...

In order to give an evaluation on the quality of air in Albania we refer to two socialeconomical periods, that before 1990 and that after 1990. In the period before 1990 are noticed some indicators which played a considerable role in the quality of air in Albanian environment. Some characteristics were: controlled demographic movements, industrial activities located in the suburbs, road transport with a limited number of vehicles, few constructions etc. economical social period after 1990 caused profound changes, ...

Mining engineering education includes four years of lecturing and three periods of summer practices. The practices must be performed at three different mining sides, including underground mines, open pit mines and ore dressing plants. Students are officially advised during decision time of company selection for their summer practice to get better educational results. In order to understand the mining engineering role by the students, the practice should be performed in mines directed and organized by mining engine...

Eight selected heavy and trace elements (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni \& P) were analyzed in the dust fall samples collected from the surrounding areas adjacent to Al-Hisa phosphate mine central Jordan during summer 2008. The chemical analysis was done using the ICP-MS, after being digested with (HNO3/HCl) acid mixture. Beside the identification of their mineral constituents using the XRD. Moreover, the particle size determination on volume percentage basis for four fractions (PM<2.5, PM2.5– 10, PM10–100\& PM>10...

The Internet is widely used medium at present. It is a complex of the various services individual, and interconnected. It offers significant opportunities on sides, of companies and of customers. The current development of tourism has been for long influenced by the development of ICT, globalization and deregulation. Tourism industry was in relation to the use of the Internet and other technologies already classified as E-specific since 2003, by the E-BUSINESS WATCH. The long-time trend at international tourism is...

Nowadays, airborne geophysical data can be obtained in low costs rapidly. Among airborne geophysical systems to acquire magnetic, electromagnetic and radiometric data, helicopter geophysical systems play an important role in exploration of mineral deposits in large areas. In general, using airborne systems to measure electromagnetic data, we can obtain two-dimensional conductivity-depth sections, and then, a threedimensional conductivity model from the subsurface of the survey area. Consequently, the lateral and v...

Turkey has took part fully in the Socrates programme, one of the Community education and culture programmes that seeks to increase the unity and integration between the people and countries placed in Europe, in 2004. As a result, Turkish higher education institutions have had the chance to join Erasmus -the higher education associated subprogram of the Socrates programme- all through the academic year 2004/2005 and recognized mobility activities with their European partners. The initial part of this article compri...

Electromagnetic (EM) methods are among geophysical methods which have many various applications. Besides, EM surveys are carried out rapidly with low costs. Thus, they are being fast developed. The methods, compared to other geophysical methods, have the most various acquisition systems. EM surveys can be carried out in the land, air, sea and borehole. During 1950s in Canada, airborne EM methods, in which helicopter EM (HEM) method is also included, have assisted in mineral exploration valued more than 10 milliard...

In this article we investigated a practical case history to define and show the differences of sand and gravel in side scan sonar images. The images were obtained by the Yellow- Fin side scan sonar instrument and processed with related software. The sound transmitted by the DSL-120 kHz instrument travels to the seafloor, bounces off of the seafloor, returns to the instrument, and is recorded. The strength of the sound recorded by the side-scan sonar instrument converted to shades of gray. A very strong return is w...