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Wages and rewarding in the labour-intensive tourism sector are not only motivating for workers but also influential in helping them to cling to lif e and their work. In tourism sector, like in all sectors, worker satisfac tion is reflected on the enterprise. Wage awards lead to the satisfaction of workers in the tourism sector a nd especially in large accommodation enterprises. When we look at the same wage awards from the point of view of employers, we see that they are regarded as expense item. Wage awards, whic...

Organic contaminants such as total pe troleum hydrocarbons, including aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon s and BTEX are recognized as one of the predominant pollutants within Romanian contaminated sites. This study presents a set of experiments for the remediation of a soil contaminated accidentally with petroleum products conducted in slurry-type batch systems, designed to establish the best remediation approach. The experime ntal variants consisted in biological remediation (natural attenuat...

Biosorption of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solu tions has been studied and determined to adsorption capacity. The expe rimental data obtained from batch equilibrium tests have been analyzed by three two-parameter (Fre undlich, Langmuir and Temkin) isotherm models, four three-parameter (Redlich-Peterson, Sips, Toth and Khan) isotherm models and kinetic models including the pseudo-f irst order and pseudo-second order. The adsorption data fit well with Temkin isotherm for orange peel and Freundlich isotherm for walnut a...

Weathearability and/or the performance of the building stones in service are depend heavily on mineralogical composition, fabric, especially micro-fissure properties, and weathering state of rocks material. When cons idering the definition of the k-value, it is possible to say that the k-value can be used for characterizing the weathering state and weatherability of a rock. As decomposition of a mineral result in the formation of new minerals with lower k- value, the k-value of whole rocks is generally regarded as...

The biotechnological methods have wide application area in the remediation of heavy metals from the waste waters. This study presents the results of the biological-chemical activation of coal waste from the Cigel deposit (Slovakia) by selected species of microorganisms, as well as: Aspergillus niger, Asperg illus clavatus, Penicillium glabrum and Trichoderma viride . The quantitative maceral composition has been investigated. The complex maceral analysis shoved that microorganisms preferentially disrupt the struct...

Underground coal mines explosions generally arise from the inflammation of a methane/air mixture. This explosion can also generate a subsequent coal dust explosion. Traditionally such explosions have being fought eliminating one or several of the factors needed by the explosion to take place. Although several preventive measures are taken to prevent explosions, other measures should be considered to reduce the effects or even to extinguish the flame front. Unlike other protection methods that remove one or two of ...

Construction Sand production is done mostly by small mining companies and, because its price is distance dependent, it must be mined as near as possible to its final use, the cities, causing locational and environmental conflicts with economic and socio- environmental impacts. The Piranema Sand District is no exception. Located at 70 km from downtown Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil, its 70 small mining companies are the main suppliers of the Rio’s Metropolitan Area, w ith 90% of its demand: a critical success factor f...

The vast territory of Bince region is loca ted in the Viti locality in the SW part of Kosovo, in between Kacaniku Gorge, Morava of Bince Valley and Zhegra Valley. It is characterized by a broad variety of lithology and numerous mineral showings of Cu, Pb, Zn and Fe. Geological setting: Paleozoic shale (Sbm), with marble and quartzite (M, Q), the series of Upper Cretaceous (Cr 2) flysch, Lower Oligocene (Ol 2) volcanogenic-sedimentary series, middle Miocene (M2) sediments, as well as by relatively widespread deposi...

It is proposed to process gold mine man-made wastes through ultrasonic activation of source materials in water, then in an alkaline solution with subsequent cyanidation of gold-impregnated cakes, or direct cyan idation and sorption conditioning of gold multicomponent solutions with nano-structured anionite an av erage radius of pores of which is within 600-700 Ǻ that contains no more than 6-8% of strong-base groups. A preliminary withdrawal of elements accompanying gold ensures obtaining of good- quality target me...

A database of average monthly air temperat ure and atmospheric precipitation has been created for seven meteorological stations for the period between 1936 and 2009. It was used to study current trends of climate change in the Kazbegi area, a mountain region in the Greater Caucasus. Changes in temper ature and precipitation are described by circular regression equations and rates of these changes are identified.

This study was carried out in Golbasi (Ad ıyaman) region (SE of TURKEY), which owns rare coal formations in the region. Chemical, petrographic analysis and organic geochemical evaluations of the Tertiary aged coals were taken into consideration. Coal quality investigation along with proximate (m oisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash) and elemental analyses (C, H, O, S, N) were performed and revealed. The huminite reflectance of organically abundant matter and coal levels were found to be between 0.30 and 0.5...

The ArcGIS software from ESRI contains tools for interpolation of raster surfaces from point data. There are four classical interp olation methods: IDW, spline with tension, regularized spline, and kriging in the “3D analysis” toolbox in the “Interpolation method” toolset in the ArcCatalog application. It is possible to set different parameter values for each interpolation method in Ar cGIS. These parameter settings influence the output digital elevation models. The research team in the Department of Geoinformatic...

Regularities in the distribution and forma tion mechanism of gi ant Cu-Au-porphyry deposits have been discussed by many authors. Most recent works are dedicated to the problem of their formation. The deposits of Macedonia discussed in this communication usually contain up to 150 000 t of copper with the Buchim deposits likely being the smallest in the world am ong similar recently mined deposits. The long- term economically profitable development of the latter refutes the traditional opinion that only Cu-Au-porphy...

At Eastern Taurid , the age of Carbonate rocks, outcroping at soutgh of Yahyali (Kayseri) had been defined as Jurassic-Cret aceous age in previous studies. The unit wich had been named as Köroğlutepesi Limestones in previous studies, outcroping also Eastern Tufanbeyli (Adana) at Gümelek Hill, arround Kayap ınar and İğdebel villages. Foraminiferal biostratigraphy of The sedimantery rocks surfacing at these locationes, hase been defined. Have been get three measured stratigraph ic section in Tufanbeyli region. These...

Some compounds especially sulphur dioxide (SO2) is considered as typical indicators of the urban air quality. To inform decisions re garding, for instance, the protection of public health from elevated SO 2 levels in Balikesir, high-resolution maps are necessary. Therefore, the main objectives of this paper were to: (1) analyze th e spatial distribution of SO2 levels using geostatistical techniques; (2 ) incorporate this in formation in a GIS to produce accurate SO 2. Geostatistics provides useful technique to get...

The health risks for people in residential zones most often result from the dangerous chemicals but also physical risks. Realization of living and working environment protection system which w ould provide harmony between humans, their activities and nature, required an integral approach. The presence of toxins in drinking water and food are significant factors ac ting on human health. The food additives become and increasing hazard and instrument for permanent disruption of human health. The occurrence of lead in...

The article analyses the basic issues of procedural methods for evaluating the environment affected by the exploitation of mineral resources in the Czech Republic. The areas that were affected by the industr ial activities in the pa st and are not used currently are called Brownfields. These area s create the side effects called externalities from their very beginning. The first part e xplicates the basic views of the methods of assessment and evaluation of the environment and related negative and positive externa...

The soil represents a triphasial poly-disperse system that can provide thriving conditions for various groups of invertebrates: aquatic organisms (protozoa, certain nematodes, rotifers) evolving in soil’s pores water f ilm, aerobic organisms (microarthropods) living in well aerated interstitial spaces with water saturation and m acrofauna (insects, larvae and lumbricidae), all generating a strong impact upon soil’s phases. The last two categories develop the greatest impact, thus their evaluation becomes of great ...

The work deals with reconstruction of family house on the part of energy for heating need. The essence has been to comparise individual alternatives, which are possible to realise in judge house. In the first part of work is the attention devoted to object describing and to heat loses values before and after the measurements. Than are particularly characterized alternatives of heating, their annual costs for heat production and for amount of fuel, invested costs and the portion of invested and overall costs. In th...

The soils in the study area Zemianske Kostolany were polluted with fly ash material after dam failure of the coal-ash pond (1965). Fly ash represents possible source of potentially toxic elements, because meteoric water or groundwater may percolate through and interact with the ash materials in soils, producing leachates that contain elevated levels of trace elements, in our case, arsenic. The main objective of this study was to assess the potential of arsenic releas e into the environment. Amount of released arse...

Lead-free solutions for protective coatings as an alternative for ecological galvanized steel sheets obtaining were studied in this paper. The lead from zincing baths was eliminated and replaced with bismuth as non hazardous elements. Also other alloying elements (nickel, tin, and aluminium) in zinc melts were added. The making technology of these galvanizing free-lead alloys wa s established in accordance with alloying elements properties. The tec hnological conditions for obtai ning zinc-bismuth coatings with va...

In this paper, the case of study is water resource protection from negative influences such as climate variability and human activitie s should be approached with great care. In this survey will be trea ted water resources and envi ronmental protection is the catchments area of Lake Batllava. The catchments area of Lake Batllava has a size of 225 km² and the active storage volume of the lake is assessed to 34.4 Mill. m³. The current population of Municipality of Pris htina is estimated to be around 400,000 and Lak...

The article deals with brownfields which orig inated as a secondary result of different character of restructuring land used in the past in any EU country and time often accompanied by extreme burden on the individual components of the environment. Removal of the resulting environmental burden would contribute not only to improvement of the environment but also to further socio-economic development of the region in which the brownfield is located including primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of business enviro...

Reliable and safe operation of pipelines is one of the basic requirements of natural gas transmission. Construction of new routes but also runni ng existing pipelines requires planning and risk assessment. Pipeline Integr ity Management is a system that requires collection and processing of information not only about the route and condition of piping systems, but also an analysis of all f actors that can contribute significantly to the fail of integrity. Qualitative ri sk analysis is used for th e effective decisi...

Energetic theory of disintegration repres ents the starting point for the search for optimum of rock cutting, as it issues from the instantaneous advance rate of the indentor, specific cutting energy (am ount of energy used for cutting of a unit volume of rock) depending of applied thrust. Search for optimum on experimental drilling stand using the optimization met hods is impossible due to technological limitations (limited area for optimum search due to limited rock sample length, duration of experiment, possibl...

The paper presents the factors affecting the performance of a mining company, identified and classified into two categories: internal and external factors. Further, the paper evaluates the external factors affecting the activity of a mining company, and identifies possible correlations between factors or group of factors and the performance indicators of the mining co mpany. These correlations are validated in time by the evolution of the pair: external f actor – indicator value, or are object of simulations – in ...

Considering polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons significant indicators of anthropogenic pollution of the environment, a pilot study obs erves the content of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of water-bearing subsidence troughs in the Karvina Region. The relevance of PAHs as a pollution load indicator is also supported by the results of monitoring PAH contents in the air of the Karvina Region, namely because PAHs are characteristic organic pollutants in the overall Ostrava- Karvina indu...

The production of pulps and paper has a variety of negative influence on the environment. There are some technologies which can moderate the negative impacts and they have also a positive economical ef fect (e.g. paper recycling). It causes the paper alterations, which results in the degr adation of their physical and mechanical properties. The recycling causes a chemi cal, thermal, biologi cal and mechanical destruction, or their combination. The aim of this work was to investigate changes of macromolecular weigh...

The competitiveness of economy both at the na tional and regional levels needs to be perceived in close context with the principle of sustainable development because competitiveness an d sustainability are not mutually exclusive. The concept of sustainable development encompasses three pillars: economic, social and environmental. If we are to analyse these th ree dimensions of sustainable development, there shall be suitable indicator s available that would be capable of expressing mutual relationships between eco...

A various range of remote sensors are currently available to help to explore a landscape and other natural components. The mainly part of this field is based on a small format aerial photographs (SFAP) taken from a small aircraft. The scienti fic benefit arises from the combination of knowledge achieved by conventional field work and the visual information gleaned from SFAP. In monitoring studies, temporal changes of forms and patterns give additional clues. The coupling of field data and interpretation of SFAP may l...

In this paper we emphasize the main methods of data fusion with potential applications in navigation systems with micro and nano sensors. In the introduction are outlined some basic features of data fusion process. Further the work is st ructured as it follows: 2) Architectures for sensor data fusion, 3) M odels for sensor data fusion; 4) Sensor data fusion methods, 5) Sensor management. At the point 2 of this paper are presented information regarding different types of data fusion architectures, and also the crit...

The paper deals with the issue of separating biodegradable PLA (polylactic acid) bottles from conventionally used packaging materials such as PET (polyethylene terephthalate). The separation of these materials is especially important because each of the plastics has a different cycle at the end of its secondary use. Recycling PET bottles the quality of the granulate may be degraded due to the occurrence of PLA material, while the occurrence of PET is undesirable during composting the biodegradable plastics PLA as ...

During mining activities, as a result of removal of inert materials for unfolding layers of lignite, has resulted into covering and degradation of large areas of land. This inert material is now distributed in some areas, in the form of landfill, often referred to as wastelands or dump tuck, and occupied this area: Folding Lismir – Kuzmin 780 ha, folding Shipitullë – 136 ha, folding deep Lugu 437 ha, folding Vasilevo 157 ha, folding Palaj 49 ha. From the above data results that the degraded land from wastelands, s...

This paper presents the process of digitalization of the Basic Geological Map with scale 1:200 000 of the Republic of Macedonia in software package Maplnfo professional 8.0 as a basis for preparing geodatabase for the Republic of Macedonia. The procedure of design and implementation of a GIS projec t for the Basic Geological Map of the Republic of Macedonia is given, starting with the design of the database table, selecting attributes and entering vector graphical objects. Model of geodatabase is developed using l...

The purpose of this project course is a comprehensive environmental treatment of the Sharr Mountain area. In this context, has beco me a description of the extent of the area, geographic position, morphology of the terrain , hydro graphic and climate, geological- tectonic construction, biodiversity, natural heritage and genetic zone Mountains National Park-Sharr. Sharr Mountains occupy an area of 580 km 2, and have split into three sub-districts: Lumbardhi of Prizren, it Ko rishe-Mushtisht and Lepenci. The criteri...

Coal is one of the main energy sources in condition of Slovak republic. During process of gasification there is rising coal gas that presents natural part of every coal bush. Methane presents its significant element. One of the technologies for ga s obtaining in situ is also underground coal gasification – UCG. Technologies for gas obtaining from the coal layer are considered as “clean coal technologies.” Despite of their using there can be contamination of every element of the living environment. By not perfect c...

A comprehensive review of published books and articles shows that discontinuities, especially joints within coal-bearing depos its are important features that must be considered during mine planning and desi gn. Less attention has been paid to orientations of joint sets and other disc ontinuities relative to mining face in proposed rock mass classification systems. In fact the structural competence of mine roof rock is determined primarily by the discontinuities that weaken the rock fabric. In this paper the effec...

Daily precipitation data measured in 38 meteorological stations during all months of the year in the period (1960 – 2009) are sorted looking for consecutive days with precipitation. The used 38 points are approximately uniformly located on the territory of the country (19 in North Bulgaria and 19 in South Bulgaria) and represent in fact the basic (synoptic) stations in the meteorologi cal network of the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology. Fifteen cases of extreme number of consecutive days with precip...

Informatisation, internationalization an d globalization have dramatically changed retail sector; speeding up the retail processes, creating new sale formats, fastening the increase of income etc. During the last decade, logis tics influenced the development of retailing by cutting down costs and increasing the service quality level. The main purpose of this paper is to give a comprehensive review of affected logistics and directly caused changes in Western Balkan retailing and global market as well. Among the giv...

The paper presents the main factories which determine the environment pollution at hot dip galvanization process of steel sheet and developing of recycling technologies of zinc by-product, with a view to recovering metal zinc or different sub- products, and returning them in the production cycle. By th e recycling of zinc by- products the prime material consumption is reduced and enviro nmental protection is improved. Industrial wastes generated in the hot dip galvanization pr ocess of steel sheet are: zinc ash, d...

The NELA system was created in coope ration with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science of VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava and the Neurocognitive Laboratory of the Univers ity Hospital Ostrava for the purpose of neurocognitive rehabilitation of patients who, owing to the system, can carry out practice tests comfortably from their homes and thus contribute to their quicker recovery. The fundamental bases of neuroc ognitive rehabilitation rely on the so-called brain plasticity, i.e. the abili...

The paper presents a solution for developing the water body in an enclosure arranged with engineering works from the Danube meadow in Giurgiu county. The solution is applicable in the conditions of a half captive aquifer taken from the Danube Specific for this solution is the type of hydric excess with a higher intensity and duration than on the border zones. The experimental field has a surface of 4 ha a nd is located in conditions of alluvial soil with a clad texture. The arrangement has abso rbing pipes placed ...

The bauxite is not processed through the usua l processes of ore en richment because of the mineralogical composition and structure, the intergrowths of minerals being very fine. Mineralogical characterization is very important to choose the method of extracting alumina from bauxite. This paper presents the mineralogical st udy of a hydrargyllitic bauxite from Sierra Leone and of the red mud resulted after extraction of alumina by Bayer method. The mineralogical characterization of red mud is needed to choose the ...

The importance of understanding seismic waves and measurement waves has gravitated form the seismic prediction to training electromagnetic propagation. Seismic electromagnetic waves may be useful in shor t-term earthquake prediction. It was found our observation system is influenced by lightni ng as far away as about hundreds km in the VLF and LF range. It is found that the increase in the number of LF and VLF electromagnetic pulses before earthquakes were generated by lightning. Some researches show that there is...

Two of the largest bays on the west coast of Turkey, Izmir Bay and Gulluk Bay, are the focus for ongoing research involving the Ins titute of Marine Sciences and Technology of Dokuz Eylul University. Especially, in Izmi r, due to intense residential, commercial, and industrial use of the coastal areas, and there being numerous recreational, historic, natural and archaeological areas, the co astal water quality ha s become the most important asset in its coastal land use plan ning. Fishing and fish farming, maritim...

The paper presents some results of research and development, obtained by the institute and its partners, to promoting advanced technologies and equipment for wood waste recycling, in order to obtain the ecological compost used for developing a sustainable and ecological agriculture. At the beginning, there is presented mobile wood chipper equipment, for fragmentation and shredding of wood branch es resulting from activities of grooming / trimming of trees and shrubs in agricultural areas, orchards and forestry. In...

The process of the development of a proper environmental strategy and its successful implementation into everyday life has become one of the most important ideas of the 21 st century. Typically, the major issue related to this strate gy is its financial aspect; however certain regional disparities or local specifics may also represent a significant problem. In addition to the state environmen tal policy, the government of the SR has also developed basic concepts of environmental programmes. The main objective of t...

The surveyed area is located at the north of the Chamchamal city, Kurdistan region in the north of Iraq. Through this survey, the area has received its first potential geophysical prospective by gravity and magnetic methods. The geophysical survey based on 401 gravity and magnetic points. Th ese points distributed over eight profiles (four profiles for each method),along strike and dip directions. The gravity data has been corrected for several corrections to find out the Bouguer anomaly and the magnetic data is c...