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The application of C-band InSAR techniques over densely vegetated areas faces critical limitations due to rapid temporal decorrelation, which requires the deployment of corner reflectors (CR) to ensure stable control points. In this context, traditional site selection criteria are often empirical and tend to overlook the spatiotemporal variability of interferometric coherence. In this study, a multicriteria methodology based on a spatial decision-making framework is proposed to optimize the selection of corner ref...

In recent years, the growing demand for renewable energy sources has placed high demands on the accuracy and reliability of the input data in the design of solar parks. The aim of the study is to present an integrated methodology combining the use of close-range digital photogrammetry to create a digital model and analysis of solar radiation according to the energy potential of the terrain. The main emphasis is on the application of a double-overflight method with an unmanned aerial system at different flight alti...

This research presents a comprehensive assessment of surface deformation at the Paute Integral Hydroelectric Complex, one of Ecuador's most critical energy infrastructures. Given the complex Andean topography and the strategic importance of this asset, monitoring ground stability is essential for operational safety and structural integrity. This study utilized Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) techniques, employing a decadal Sentinel-1 dataset from 2014 to 2024. The methodology integra...

The study is devoted to evaluating the application of remote sensing data (satellite images, orthophotos, etc.) in spatial development planning. The amount of data available today provides extensive opportunities for territory analysis, but in practice their use is often limited. The work analyses how such data can improve land use monitoring, understanding of urbanization processes and decision-making at various planning levels. The main problems are related to the different quality of data, spatial and temporal ...

The study area is located at the Gobi Desert of southern Mongolia, near the town of Byankhongor. During the work stage, aerial photo image interpretation was undertaken to identify and delineate lithological boundaries, geological contacts, and fault and fold features, lineaments. Aerial photo, Aster, and Landsat TM have been used for the geological interpretation of the Shine Jinst area, Mongolia. Nineteen stratigraphic units were distinguished and correlated to delineate the stratigraphic subdivisions. A study o...

This study assesses surface deformation in the Vyshegrad Fortress area using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. The site, located near the Studen Kladenets dam, is affected by complex geomorphological and environmental conditions that may compromise structural stability. Steep slopes prone to erosion and landslides, increased moisture, rock fracturing, and regional seismic activity pose significant risks to the integrity of the stone architectural complex. Their evaluation is essential for effective preservation...

This research addresses the design, integration, and validation of a complex methodology for wetland monitoring, using as case studies two peat bogs located in the Maramures Mountains Natural Park, Romania. The study is part of a larger research effort concerning the assessment of the current ecological status of internationally important wetlands in the trans-Carpathian region of Romania, Ukraine, and Slovakia, through the development of an integrated monitoring system based on advanced geomatic technologies. Thi...

The research analyses agricultural unused land (AUL) identified within the cadastral territory of Velke Trencianske Stankovce (western Slovakia) with the objective of evaluating restoration potential and determining suitable management pathways for reintroduction into agricultural use. The methodological framework combines Sentinel-2 vegetation indices, LPIS data, soil characteristics, and site-specific attributes including terrain configuration, parcel accessibility, and environmental constraints. Restoration pot...

In this study, using ASTER surface reflectance and emissivity data to map four main lithological units (volcanic, magmatic, clastic, metamorphic) in southern Tunceli (Ayazpinari-Cukurca) using PCA and ICA transformations, and the results were validated against a reference map. The highest success among different band combinations was achieved in the SWIR region alone for the PCA transformation, and across the entire range (VNIR-SWIR-TIR, 0.52–11.65 µm) for the ICA transformation. Although SWIR-based PCA success...

The government electrical company – ESO manages and monitors 16 000 km powerlines in Bulgaria. In this paper the main focus is on monitoring forestry corridors, which are used to provide free of encroachment space for safe electrical power transmission. Those open spaces ensure that no tree or such can be near the conductor enough to cause induction of energy between a tree and a conductor, which is the main reason for wild fires and electrical power shortages. This paper presents a methodology for systematic mo...

The results of comprehensive ground-space monitoring of geodynamic processes in the area of the former Mirgalimsay deposit (Kentau, Kazakhstan) are presented. The objective of the study is to develop a monitoring and early warning system for hazardous surface deformations under conditions of mine flooding and changes in the hydrogeological regime. Monitoring was carried out using static GNSS measurements (41 benchmarks) and multi-temporal interferometric analysis of archival Sentinel-1 radar images using Persisten...

The scientific research presented in the article is related to the application of methodologies for monitoring deformations of the Earth's crust. Intensively developing technologies were used, such as GNSS and SAR methods. The Sofia region is among the earthquake zones in Bulgaria. The general conclusion is, that Sofia located in an area characterized by a high seismic risk, with considerable consequences in the case of a strong seismic event. New scientific knowledge about the geodynamics of the region and the ph...

This study examines the morphological characteristics and shoreline dynamics of sandy beaches along the Burgas coast, one of the most diverse and human-impacted regions of the Bulgarian Black Sea. By integrating high-resolution Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) photogrammetry, GIS-based morphometric analysis, and historical shoreline data spanning the 1980s to 2025, the research provides a comprehensive assessment of coastal evolution over the past century. Five representative beaches, Sarafovo, Atanasovska Kosa, Burga...

The use of remote sensing images in territorial analyses is increasingly used with the development of remote sensing systems. Due to the fact that there are numerous remote sensing systems, both open source and paid, these instruments are widely used in monitoring large areas in order to analyze the dynamics of land use changes. In the present study, an analysis of the ATU Moravita, Timis County, Romania, was carried out based on remote sensing images taken from the Landsat 8 satellite system. Based on the 11 spec...

Accurate 3D data from indoor environments play a crucial role in construction, indoor navigation, real estate management, and many more applications. Mobile scanning systems, including simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and mobile devices equipped with LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) and modern techniques like Matterport, provide efficient means to create virtual models of measured objects (and even generate point clouds). However, it is essential to note that the quality of these methods often needs...

Land cover degradation poses global challenges, both economically and scientifically, with significant implications for Ukraine's sustainable development. Understanding the need for effective strategies to prevent soil degradation, address degraded lands, and reduce associated risks is crucial at both global and regional scales. Early identification and degradation monitoring require establishing natural predictors (drivers) to preserve ecosystems and biodiversity for future sustainable development. An objective a...

This review article provides an overview of the combination of remote sensing with deep learning techniques in the last ten years. It specifically examines the emerging patterns and applications in both fields, highlighting their combined use in processing remote sensing data. It focuses on how these techniques have brought about significant changes in environmental monitoring, urban planning, agricultural management, security, and change detection. The article discusses various satellite probes, detailing their s...

This study presents an review of the geophysical and geological data available for the Bulgarian Black Sea shelf, highlighting the methodologies employed for data storage and their effectiveness. Such data are crucial for understanding the shelf's historical dynamics and ongoing changes, serving as a foundation for various scientific investigations. Through an analysis of geological, morphological, geophysical, and geochronological data, we trace the evolution of the shelf's structure and movements, delineating it...

The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the well-being of the Ukrainian nation, present and future generations, largely depends on the preservation of existing ecosystems, their support, and the enhancement of their quality and biodiversity. Particular attention should be paid to the problem of land cover degradation. Land cover currently holds a unique status regarding food security and is a dominant source for renewing crucial biospheric functions, ensuring the diversity of living organisms. The anth...

This article is devoted to the analysis of the consequences of military actions using the integration of spectral indices and remote sensing to assess the affected areas. Military conflicts have significant impacts on the natural and human environment, and accurately quantifying the extent of damage is an important task for recovery and humanitarian assistance. This paper examines the role of spectral indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and the No...

In this study the effect of hazardous geodynamic processes in the area around the city of Sofia is investigated using radar satellite data. The area is of particular interest due to its high population density and high concentration of industrial facilities and residential areas. This highlights the importance of the study area in societal aspect. This the reason the authors set the main objective of this research to be the monitoring of the ongoing geodynamic processes by complementary use of synthetic aperture r...

The article considers the intensity of the subsidence process of the given surface of the territory of the Central coal-mining district of Donbas from 2015 to 2021, according to radar data from the Sentinel-1 satellite. There are 26 mines on this territory, most liquidated by completely uncontrolled flooding of mining operations without further control of the hydrodynamic regime. This study aims to determine the dangerous zones formed due to soil subsidence to rank the territory, particularly minefields, according...

The escalating intensity of climate change-induced storms necessitates efficient methods for surveying storm-damaged forests. This study conducted in Estonia employed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), equipped with compact cameras, to assess damage over a 16 square kilometer storm-affected area. We created digital surface models (DSMs) and orthophoto mosaics using two types of drones - a fixedwing and a multirotor. While both types had their distinct advantages depending on the terrain, a 70% x 70% overlap of image...

The presented paper deals with the targeted application of pre-emergent herbicides. The field experiment was established in 2022 and 2023; two plots sized 26 ha and 30 ha were selected and the accuracy of the application was tested. There were local outbreaks of weeds on selected plots of land, which had to be eliminated before sowing the main crop - soybeans. Both plots were monitored using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) - Mavic 3M with the multispectral camera. After the end of the monitoring, spectral analysi...

Road managers are obliged by law to regularly monitor the condition of road pavements as part of road inspections. Visual inspections provide basic information on the condition of the road and regular assessments are the basis for planning maintenance and repairs. These inspections are usually carried out from a dedicated car and recorded manually by an operator or done by special sophisticated and very costly devices with cameras and various sensors. Inspections are done in defined periods based on road class and...

It is well known that atmospheric aerosols have both a direct and an indirect impact on the Earth's systems and have natural or anthropogenic origins. In this paper we present the results of the 2022 spring-time lidar measurements conducted within the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) using a multi-wavelength Raman and depolarization LIDAR system operated in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The Cluj-Napoca lidar system (CLOP) emission is based on a Nd-YAG laser Continuum INLITE II-30, which has a repetition ...

Wildfires are a problem all over the world. Plant and animal life are under threat of destruction. But this issue is especially relevant for Ukraine, where fires appear en masse throughout the country not only from weather factors but also from enemy shelling by the Russian army. In addition, there is the uncontrolled spread of fire to large areas of Ukraine due to limited access to emergency services. Because of hostilities, landmines, and the occupation of Ukrainian territory, Ukrainian rescuers and foresters ar...

As a consequence of climate change, in some regions, more intense rain showers go hand in hand with longer dry periods. The subsequent more and more severe droughts can have devastating effects on many economic and social sectors. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to predict and assess the consequences of these droughts on a local scale, in order to develop policies to cope. Drought assessment needs a lot of detailed and accurate input-data, such as land use, land cover, soil moisture, vegetation, evapotranspi...

LiDAR technology expands the possibilities for forest inventory using aerial and terrestrial scanning. A technological scheme for terrestrial personal laser scanning (PLS) has been developed in order to extract numerical tree parameters. The aim of the paper is to determine the characteristics of individual trees and average taxation indicators of forest stands via terrestrial PLS method. The PLS system includes Sensor Ouster OS1-16, mounted on a folding monopod and mini PC for control and recording of primary raw...

Recently, the echosounder systems in the Bulgarian Black Sea shelf have become a standard method of seabed exploration. The paper presents the present-day field activity of bathymetric research, which revised available hydrographic data for the seabed. The study aims to combine and update archival bathymetric data from contemporary multibeam echo-sounding scanning and archive single-beam data. This work presents activity in the second stage of Project -Multidisciplinary study of Burgas Bay - MidBay. (Composition o...

Even with technological development, small formats have been introduced with a photogrammetry technology that offers numerous benefits. The digital imagery for the small-format camera, installed on the lightweight platform, such as Unmanaged Aerial Vehicles (UAV), currently can be extracted from digital maps. The geometry of the Georeferenced Digital Surface Model (DSM), obtained from UAVs, is a multiplex of factors such as flight configuration, camera performance, camera calibration, and SfM algorism. The overlap...

In this paper we present a case study regarding a desert dust intrusion over Central and Eastern Europe in 5th of April 2021, observed using a multi-wavelength Raman and depolarization LIDAR system operated in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. This type of system meets the requirements of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network – EARLINET and is suitable to provide reliable data on optical parameters for aerosol characterization. While mineral aerosols are the second largest source of aerosol and are the subject of long r...

Urban areas are very dynamic environments, subject to continuous expansion and growing population, with land use changes influenced by the needs and dynamics of the population. Using remote sensing techniques applied to Sentinel-1 GRD images, some change detection patterns could be revealed for Bucharest city, for a period of three years (2016-2019). As the largest city in Romania, the main university center and the most important industrial and commercial center, Bucharest offers a wide range of educational, inve...

The focus of this study is detection of the deformations of the Earth's surface caused by March 3 2021 earthquake using Differential Interferometric Radar Synthetic Aperture technique. This method takes advantage of the remotely sensed SAR data provided at no cost by ESAs’ Sentinel-1 mission which are often used for creation of topographic maps as well as for detection of ground motions. The final results of this processing deliver reliable information about the displacements caused by the mentioned events with ce...

The presented paper deals with the issue of assessing the condition of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stand during its development in the spring period. The field experiment was established in 2020; two plots sized 25 ha and 16 ha were selected with a model plant of winter wheat. In the spring period (BBCH 35 and BBCH 51), both plots were monitored using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and Sentinel 2 satellites. After the end of the monitoring, spectral analysis of pictures taken was made and a basic NDVI ve...

Modern space complexes are designed to solve a wide range of tasks, including remote sensing of the Earth in order to assess the geoecological state of territories. The transmission of super-resolution images obtained as a result of sensing to ground-based control systems is traditionally carried out by space telecommunications systems, the requirements for technical characteristics and parameters of which in terms of the speed of information exchange and the reliability of communication are constantly being tight...

Flood events, as well as the channel and floodplain landforms are crucial for the transport and spatial distribution of heavy metals and metalloids in soils in the river valleys. The paper outlines the results of obtained preliminary indications about the flood proneness of two study areas located in the valleys of Ogosta River near the village of Gorna Kovachitsa and Lom River near the village of Vasilovtsi (NW Bulgaria) based on hydro-geomorphological indices. The detection of flood-prone areas has been done usi...

The intensive development of remote sensing and unmanned aerial vehicles, and the accessibility of small drones, provide excellent opportunities for shallow water bathymetric surveys on the northern Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The combination of erosional/abrasional and depositional natural coastal types allows testing and assessing the efficiency of aerial surveys for bathymetric mapping. The Bay of Chernomorets is an excellent opportunity to combine data from single-beam sonar, multi-beam sounding and shooting wi...

This article aims to present the process of obtaining the modern photogrammetric products such as orthophotomap, digital terrain model, regarding surface mining in open pit mining and quarries. The authors also want to present current technologies in photogrammetry, data processing using graphics stations and digital processing of data obtained by using UAV systems with a fully integrated RTK module that provides real-time centimetric position information to achieve very high accuracy of meta-information in images...

Precision management of the crop production, implemented in the precision farming system, implies a spatially differentiated, based on spectral measurements, implementation of agrotechnical measures provided for by the technology of their cultivation. The study of the spectral characteristics of spring wheat crops under changing agricultural conditions was carried out in a multi-factor micro field experiment at the Menkovskaya experimental station of the Agrophysical Research Institute (Russia, Leningrad Region). ...

The aim of the study is the evaluation of multispectral imaging by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and free available satellite data (Sentinel — 2) for the diagnosis of the nutritional status of winter wheat. For this purpose, a field trial was established in 2020 (28 ha of winter wheat), both on the fields of farm enterprise ZD Kojcice (Pelhrimov, Czech Republic). The observation of the fields was performed in two vegetation phases important for the application of nitrogen fertilizers to cereals by topdressing (BB...

Over 30% of the Bulgarian Black Sea shoreline is characterized as a depositional type of coast. A significant portion of it represents well-formed sandy beaches and dune fields, falling under the protection of the European ecological network NATURA 2000. The coastal sector of the Lower Kamchia Depression hosts the longest beach-dune system on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast called Kamchia-Shkorpilovtsi beach. The main task of the project "Mapping and monitoring of depositional areas along the Northern Bulgarian Blac...

Assessment of the nutritional status of crop stand and other plant biophysical parameters can be a suitable source of information for the application of nitrogen fertilizers in precision agriculture, especially in conditions of high spatial heterogeneity of farm fields. Determination of the application rate of nitrogen fertilizers can be performed based on the plant diagnosis and estimation of plant biophysical parameters, such as nitrogen content, total amount of aboveground biomass and nitrogen uptake (Nupt), or...

Soil erosion is one of the most widely dispersed adverse geomorphological processes in a global scale. If it is not limited, it can change the topographic surface, reduce the slope stability and water retention capability, and thus increase the disposition for geomorphological hazards. Heavy rainfalls or intensive snowmelt are the main triggering factors for erosion, but the processes strongly depend on the topography, slope gradient, soil properties, vegetation cover and land use. The aim of the current research ...

Mobile mapping systems (MMS) are becoming used in standard geodetic tasks more common in the last years. This paper deals with independent accuracy evaluation of MMS RIEGL VMX-450, and recommendation for which types of tasks is effective to use tested MMS. Data from mobile laser scanning and mobile photogrammetry obtained by tested system were evaluated. The new test point field was built in area of Advanced Materials, Structures and Technologies (AdMaS) research centre that is part of Brno University of Technolog...

The aerial imagery has a long tradition of use as a surveying method in underwater archaeology. With the recent development of new technologies, its application has become more versatile and more common. This article will present the use of aerial photogrammetry in the archaeological survey of the submerged heritage of Nessebar, ancient Mesambria, on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. A major application is the generation of a digital bathymetric model (DBM) of the seafloor, which is reliable and accurate approximatel...

Floodplains are complex systems which include a wide number of socio-economic activities like agriculture, freshwater fisheries, electricity from power plants and others. They have often highly dynamic property, due to the alternation of fluvial processes, floods, and ongoing sediment transport, as well as of environmental specifics and natural or anthropogenic processes. In the context of the investigation of soil pollution with heavy metals in the riverine floodplains, the availability of geomorphological maps a...

The research is aimed at studying the quantitative laws of the morphological pattern dynamics for alluvial plains. Basing on the random process theory - the renewal process theory, we substantiate that in the course of the development despite constant changes such as generating new packages, erasing old packages, changing of the number of a package, some features of the morphological pattern remain the same. They are the length distribution of the arrows for the preserved (non-erased) package fragments, the durati...

The study deals with a usage of spectral indices for the ecological control of the state of forestry with particular emphasis on the control of causes and effects of forest fires, their effective detection and prevention. The Karabai tract was selected as an object of study, which is a monoculturally planted pine forest with predominance of Rhinus sylvestris L. and P. pallasiana D. Don, located on the territory of Kherson region, Ukraine. This forestry is known for one of the largest forest fires in Ukraine, which...

The Shchuchinsko-Borovskaya system, consisting of seven large lakes, was studied. Lakes of tectonic origin are located at different absolute levels within the granite massif. The water in the lakes is fresh, less often brackish, and previously has been widely used for agricultural and drinking purposes. Based on monitoring data and analysis of a long-term series of satellite images over the past 30 years, a significant decrease in the level of the lakes and water resources has been revealed. This has affected the ...