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Goal functions – economic-mathematical models for minimizing the average annual expenditure for repair and maintenance of mine roads are composed and solved. The models are composed of polynomial functions. Results are presented from the practice of mines “Vitren” EAD and “Opencast mining” – Pernik, EAD.

Paste backfill was first developed by Preussag at the Bad Grund Mine. Filtered tailings were combined with 30 mm heavy media separation tailings to produce a paste backfill. These ingredients were combined and mixed on surface and pumped to the underground mine using two Putzmeister concrete pumps working in parallel. Dry cement was added to the paste mixture just prior to being placed into the stope. The resulting fill then formed the roof for the next cut using an undercut and fill mining method. The experimenta...

In the connection with work on the International project NATO Science for Peace 973739 "Dynamics, evolution and limitation of heavy metal water pollution in the Plovdiv region (Bulgaria)" a complex ecological investigation was accomplished. The main parts of the work have been related to clarification of the hydrogeological peculiarities in order to assess conditions and risk of contamination of the ground waters. For this purposes in the period 2001-2003 a monitoring network for seasonal and monthly observations ...

When planning and landscaping areas to be recultivated after the cessation of mining activities in brown coal opencast mine areas, limiting conditions as regards natural space, economy, technical safety and legal regulations must, in particular, be taken into account. The present features of the landscape have been created by human activity throughout centuries and can only be preserved. The preservation of native fauna and flora is to be ensured by a network of biotopes which will include the zone in front of the...

The report presents a definition of ecological mapping and classification of maps represented environmental pollution. Examples of mapping on ecological theme in Bulgaria are presented – ecological atlas, ecological maps illustrated statistical data, student’s works and maps for school atlases. The themes of data collection, cartographic methods of representation and mapping of ecological elements give potentialities of ecological mapping. As a result of experiments in this kind of mapping a way for a complex ...

During the last 20 years, the northern and central part of the Kat county has been affected by many landslides. Especially in very wet years many landslides of different volumes occurred. These mainly affected the rocks which are well known for being prone to slope movements of many types of sizes. The bedrocks of the study area are metabasalts and sedimentary series. These rocks are overlain by younger alluvium and debris materials. Monitoring during the last seven years has indicated that the slopes are still ac...

The PHARE Project “Supervision for closing of the Uranium Mines at Eleshnitza and Dospat” foreseen recultivation of tailing pond at hydrometallurgical plant “Zvezda”Eleshnitza, construction of Waste water treatment plant for drainage waters, and construction of depo for domestic wastes in quarry to mine “Dospat” – Barutin. The radiation protection during the rehabilitation engineering works is carry out in accordance with Inception Report present by Supervisor; the actual standard document; the permi...

In this study, the mineralogical properties and the amenability of Mastra (G\"um\"uşhane-Turkey) gold ore to gravity recovery using a Knelson Concentrator were examined. The mineralogical analysis of the ore has shown that gold occurs as particles of 1-300 mm in size. In the gravity tests performed on the ground ore (-74 •m) a concentrate containing 771.95 g/t Au was produced at 47.15 \% recovery and 1.58\% yield. Enrichment ratios of Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni and As were found to be 29.7; 16.7; 2.9; 1.58; 3.15; 1...

In accordance with Tender conditions of Phare Project BG 9904-03-01-01 “Supervision for Closing of the Uranium Mines at Eleshnitza and Dospat” and Inception Report the Radiation Protection Program of the Supervisor are foreseen planning and carrying out of preliminary radioecological monitoring (“zero” monitoring). The goal of this monitoring is receiving of information before the starting of the project for comparison of the effect of improving after the realization of the planed activities. Around the tw...

Clinker waste heaps in the vicinity of KCM smelter, Plovdiv, Bulgaria, expected to be relatively insoluble, and hence inactive according to the environment, were found to be affected by burning of spontaneously ignited carbonaceous material contained in it. This way the waste heap represents an active chemical reactor. The investigation revealed that the process turns the chemically resistant glassy phases into water soluble compounds, abundantly found close to gas and vapour exhalations through deep cracks in the...

This study investigates the potential environmental impact of ground vibrations produced from blasting operations performed at AraklД±-TaЕџ\"on\"u limestone quarry where the school, mosque, historic place and village houses are situated. During the study, the parameters of scaled distance were recorded carefully, and the groundvibration components were measured at different locations by suitable monitors for 31 blast events. From the statistical analysis of the results, the general peak particle velocity equation ...

This paper is devoted to a seismotectonic study and earthquake hazard assessment for the Hamadan area. The major faults, active faults and potential seismic sources as well as the moderate and large earthquakes in the region are identified and illustrated in a seismotectonic map. The appropriate attenuation laws are selected according to seismotectonic characteristics of the region and site geology of the area. A model of the earthquake sources are prepared and earthquake hazard analysis has been done for the area...

Exponential functions are very effective for describing the regularities of change of expenses for maintenance of mine automobile roads. The solution of goal functions in their parametrical type is interesting as economic mathematical models are often constituted of goal functions.

The Sar-Cheshmeh granodioritic stock, called “Sar Cheshmeh Porphyry”, is intruded into the Eocene andesitic rocks. This intrusion has caused potassic (biotitic) and propylitic alteration zones in peripheral rocks. Potassic alteration zone is overprinted by a phyllic alteration zone, which is occurred by heated meteoric waters that affected primary alteration zones. About half of the copper mineralization in Sar- Cheshmeh has occurred in potassically and phyllically altered andesitic rocks. In this paper, mass ...

Sar-Cheshmeh porphyry copper deposit, as the biggest copper mine in Iran is located in southwest of Kerman. This deposit is located in southern part of Orumieh – Dokhtar metallogenic belt, which is also the most important copper belt in Iran. The Sar-Cheshmeh granodioritic stock, called “Sar-Cheshmeh Porphyry” is intruded into the Eocene andesitic rocks. This intrusion has caused potassic (first mineralization episode) and phyllic alteration zones in lower levels due to ascending toward the lower temperature...

The studying area is placed on the surrounding of Ataturk Dam in Bozova (S.URFA) in the southern Turkey. The main lithology of the region starts calcareous marl and upper part is consist of lime stones with crystalline dolomites and chert. In the region there are some important climatic changes which took place during the accumulating water in the lake of the dam. These situations caused many new environmental and agricultural effects. Especially the geochemical features of the lithological unit of the region role...

Every action of human being causes changes in environment. Industrial activities realizing large volume of production affect the environment more. Scientific researches not only produce novelty but also try to find solutions in order to reduce the negative effects of these industrial activities. The countries that are good at utilizing their mineral sources have completed their social development in a short time and taken a place among the developed countries. The mining operations have been causing some changes o...

This paper presents the estimation of ground vibration parameters induced by blasting excavations realized at eight different sites located close to the residential areas. Within the scope of this study, in order to predict peak particle velocity and determine the slope of the attenuation curve for eight sites, ground vibration components were measured for all blast events over a long period. During the study, while the parameters of scaled distance were recorded carefully, the ground vibration components were mea...

In this study, the geological features of the placers in the Aegean region of Turkey and possible processing options for the recovery of precious metals and industrial raw materials were examined. Industrial raw materials present in the placers and their potential for industrial uses were reviewed. A conceptual flow sheet for the production of a bulk concentrates to recover rutile, ilmenite, zircon, hematite, limonite, magnetite, cassiterite and gold contained in the placers concentrate was proposed. Quartz crysta...

Recently, numerous landslides occurred in the southern part of the \"Ozen Dam (Sivas-Turkey) threatening the spillway. Kinematical analyses showed that the potential slope instability direction is NW corresponding to the dominant slope directions. Geotechnical surveys confirmed the rock slopes are highly prone to instability, and failures occurred in the limits between basement rock and debris material in the alteration zone as a planar surface. Pre-existing failures, excavations in the toe of the slopes, low qual...

The full impact of coyote blasting on the environment includes ground vibrations, air blast, fly rock and dust, and these are unavoidable in quarry operations if they are not controlled. The detonation of explosives for rock breakage induces a seismic disturbance that propagates in all directions from the explosion epicentre. In addition to the seismic disturbance, the detonation of explosives causes a transient pressure pulse that is propagated through the atmosphere. This phenomenon has been described in the lit...

The Raigan porphyry copper system is located in southeastern Iran (Kerman province), and is associated with diorite/granodiorite to quartz-monzonite of Miocene age that intruded Eocene volcano-sedimentary rocks. Copper mineralization was accompanied by mainly phyllic and lass potassic alteration. Field observations and petrographic studies demonstrate that emplacement of the Raigan stock took place in several intrusive pulses, each with associated hydrothermal activity. Molybdenum is not reported in any stage of h...

New developments in machine guidance systems in recent years have led to an increase in productivity and decrease in costs especially for construction and mining applications. Especially the usage of machine guidance systems for land reclamation projects after open pit mining operations is more profitable for time than traditional methods. Three-dimensional position of a point can be determined with GPS technology, which is known as Global Positioning System. And also real-time positions can be determined by means...

The Bulgarian environmental legislation does not formulate special requirements for the performing of baseline environmental studies and the environmental impact assessment of the prospecting and exploration activities for oil and gas. The oil and gas exploration and prospecting activities are usually performed on areas of significant size, and are connected with specific impact on the environment, therefore it is accepted in the good international oil practice to perform obligatory baseline environmental studies ...

The opportunity for heat recovery and greenhouse gas elimination from dilute methane emissions from coal mine ventilation air, oil and gas industries and landfill by using a Catalytic Flow Reversal Reactor (CFRR) technology is discussed. The CFRR technology has been experimentally proven to eliminate methane as dilute as 0.1 \% v/v in air, with no requirement for external heat. Indeed, for concentrations above 0.3 \%v/v, the methane heat of oxidation can be recovered with efficiency up to 90\% as 800oC hot air. Ut...

Twenty three (23) waste water samples, seven (7) soil and twenty two (22) plant ones from the region of the “Pernik” Central Preparation Plant (CPP) are a subject of study. A season method of sampling has been used . The water samples have been taken as follows: 1) water coming in the plant for preparation; 2) water, used during the dressing; 3) water used to transport the slime and fly ash; 4) water, running out of the slime storage; 5) water, that is draining. They have been tested by: ICP for Hg, Al, Cd, As...

Chemical species of existence and migration of water metal pollutants in solution and suspension in the significantly contaminated Plovdiv – Assenovgrad area are identified in their dynamics. Underground, surface and technological waters in their geochemical context are investigated (more than 2 000 data) as a ground of the speciation study (30 trace and 24 major elements). All the trace elements analytical researches are carried out by HR-ICP-AES Jobin Yvon ULTIMA 2 and the speciation study – by WATEQ 4F adap...

Major and trace element concentrations were measured in representative fly ash samples from four Power Units of Agios Dimitrios Thermal Power Plant, Northern Greece. Major and trace element concentrations were also measured in the respirable-size fly ash fraction (<10$\mu$m) of the same samples, separated from the bulk fly ash by laboratory treatment. The respirable-size fraction, compared to the bulk fly ash was found richer in CaO and poorer in all other major oxides (SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MnO, MgO, Na2O, K2...

Coal, Oil and Natural gas account for 30\%, 31\% and 2\% respectively of the world’s total energy. In India, coal based energy is the main source of energy and its energy demand is increasing at the rate of 9\% per year. The supply on the other hand is lagging behind. If this trend continuous, it is estimated that by the year 2022, India would be required to spend Rs. 860 billion per year to meet its energy demand. World attention has recently started shifting towards methane, which can be exploited from the coa...

In article the opportunity of construction by a precision survey polygons necessary for mutual positioning of underground mining with a margin error within the limits of 100 mm is considered. Offered decisions of this problem include optimum accommodation of points of range on a contour of mining, application of a strict way of equalizing of a polygon and gyroscopic orientation of the sides of a traverse by modern devices.

Detailed geological and drilling investigations have shown KayabaЕџД± deposit, located in Trabzon-Turkey, has a resource of 590 000 tons ore containing 2.2\% Cu and 1029 kg Au. The ore body shows the characteristics of both massive- and stockworktype sulfide mineralization. In this study, mineralogical analysis and flotation tests were performed to determine the degree of liberation of sulfides and the optimum grind time for the massive ore samples. Covellite and chalcocite were identified as the main copper miner...

With the approaching accession to the European Union in 2004, the Czech Republic has been working intensively not only on streamlining legislative issues, but in particular on the unification of various processes in the economic and industrial spheres. Ecology and the environment have, over the past few years, become one of the Government’s policy priorities. The result is a clear concept and future of Czech open cast coal mines. These are divided into three separate companies from the point of view of their siz...

Quality of living environment connects with filling of the hygienically, protection and other norms, that are linking to the living environment. In magnesite firm due to the production process there is negative influencing of the whole ecosystem. Magnesite firm, that will be analysed in presented paper, is polluting living environment with various way and various intensity. In presented paper we will deal with influence of magnesite firm in area of polluting of water and soil. Analysed firm is working in area of m...

Blasting is not just an “empirical” relation between man (e.g., the blaster) and rock. This particular point of view has been proved to be correct and self-evident, mainly in major Public Works and Construction blasting, where the main part of the site activity often regards rock excavation within urban or sensitive areas. Such a risky and demanding operation should not be “left” only at blasters’ decision and experience. Blasting is considered to embody further scientific knowledge, know-how and technol...

Region of Rehova is located on the North East of Albania. The Rehova mine is 27-km way from Korca region and approximately 14 km from the national road Korca- Erseka. The mine has an extension 1000 km and a falling 600m. Rehova mine from the administrative question belongs to Korca region. The mine is connected with non-asphalt road with national road Korca-Erseka. Most of the populated centers are Vithkuqi, Lubonja, Rroshanj etc. The population is taking care manly the animal husbandry. The relief is of alpine ty...

Contemporary approach for mining investments has a strong support in initial investment documentation, which consist of expert studies, pre-feasibility, and feasibility studies. Based on the author’s personal experiences, this paper points to the mean of evaluation of investments in a starting phase, where actual examples of expert and feasibility studies have been applied.

Mining-related environmental problems should be studied not only at site scale (as imposed by most environmental regulations), but also at a regional scale, enabling satisfactory solutions to be found from the environmental and socioeconomic viewpoints. The regional environmental assessments by BRGM in collaboration with the Indian Bureau of Mines in 2000 are a good illustration of what can be achieved at the scale of a mining district. At a larger scale, the Environmental GIS of Central Europe shows the possibili...

This study is conducted through a NATO – Science for Peace Project “WATERMETAPOL”. Ground-water flow is a major premise for the dissemination of chemical pollutants after they have somehow fallen into the aquifer. The metallurgical plant is settled on a large alluvial cone of Chepelarska River. A highly productive aquifer is formed in the coarse grained deposits. The general direction of ground-water flow is northward, where a final discharge zones are Maritza River and Chepelarska River (lower reach). Sever...

In the present paper a grouting technique was studied in order to protect the buried monuments against the presence of the ground water. Krisis Macedonian Tombs in N. Greece was used as a pilot example for study, given that it is buried in loose sediments where the aquifer overflows their floors. Although the proposed method is expensive, it establishes permanent drainage conditions regarding to pumping. The purpose of this method is to create an impervious shell, which isolates the floor and the walls of the tomb...

In the presented article I deal with one part of the financial managing - capital decision in the conditions of the chosen firm. I will analyse and calculate effectiveness of the developing and most sophisticated capital activity of the firm, which should bring long-term effects, as well as to satisfy proportional development of the firm and to provide stable position on the market.

Coal Mining is one of the oldest industry in India. Coal is the predominant source of primary energy in India. About 63 per cent of the total demand for commercial fuel is currently met by coal and this feature is expected to persist well into the future The demand-supply imbalance in the Indian coal industry is a crucial issue, one that will determine the course of future business strategies charted by this sector. Rapid growth of India’s infrastructure sector will lead to a quantum leap in total demand for ene...

This paper illustrates, by means of the case study of the most important lignite deposit in Northern Greece, the lignite recovery in multi-seam or “zebra” type lignite deposits. It discusses the difficulties encountered in most efficiently producing lignite from this type of sequence, characterized by the multiple interchanges of lignite layers and thin sterile intercalations consisting mainly of clays, marls and sands. The knowledge of the geometry and the quality characteristics of the recoverable lignite ar...

Experimental modeling investigations in heavy metal polluted site of KCM (Pb-Zn smelter) are carried out in two aspects: 1) Determination of the migration ability of the metal (+As) pollutants during water-soil and water-clinker interactions effecting of water and MgCl2 lixiviation and 2) Establishment of the chemical speciation of the pollutants in the eluated liquid phase and of the mineral phases, controlling the water migration, in juxtaposition with the data for ground and surface polluted waters in the site....

The predominant part of the soils in the studied area is alluvial soils with highly variable mechanical composition. According to their grain-size composition soils range from loamy sand, loam, to silty loam and in few cases clay loam. Analyses of the mineral composition of soils show that clay minerals and quartz are the dominant constitutions. Other registered minerals are Kfeldspar, plagioclase, calcite and dolomite with variable amounts. The distribution of heavy metals and As in soils is influenced by natural...

In this study, the recovery of barite and silver from G\"um\"uЕџk\"oy Silver Plant (Turkey) tailings was investigated using Multi Gravity Separation and cyanidation methods. Approximately 20 million tons of tailings contain 20.62\% BaSO4, 51.15\% SiO2, 11.5\% CaCO3, 3.84\% Fe2O3, 4.76\% Al2O3 and 120 g/ton silver with a particle size of 70\% passing 37 $\mu$m have been disposed of to the tailings pond in G\"um\"uЕџk\"oy SilverPlant over the years. Multi Gravity Separator (MGS) produced a concentrate containing 65....

The degree of heavy metal (+As) water and vegetable contamination due to mining and metallurgical activities in the studied area is evaluated in individual and integral aspects. 267 ground, surface and waste water samples, according to the proposed grid, were investigated for trace elements, 56 of them for 34 elements: Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn, Hg, Be, B, V, Sn, Mo, Se, Ag, Te, Tl, Ti, U, Ca, Li, Mg, Sr, Bi, Ga, In, K, and Na. The analytical work is performed with inductively coupled plas...

The presentation starts with a comparison between North Sea and West Black Sea in respect of maturity of hydrocarbon provinces and exploration efforts. In continuation of the presentation the integrated approach of OMV will be explained, the first reprocessing results of 1992 seismic vintage will be discussed and all planned further steps will be introduced which will lead to hydrocarbon play definition.

The economic interests of every company, performing prospecting and exploration for mineral resources require conformity with the contemporary market reality. Key element of that is the application of new technologies and methods, which lead to optimal results, while reducing the amount of some expensive and labor-consuming geological exploration works, without damaging the structure of the normative required information in the final documents for proving a commercial discovery (deposit). At the stages of prospect...

This paper provides an overview of the various issues influencing ore dilution in an underground mining. The paper reviews the dilution problem throughout the entire mining process, and provides a rational approach to underground mine design in order to minimize dilution. The stages contributing to dilution include orebody delineation, design and sequencing, stope development, drilling and blasting, and production stages. Vibrations generated by the drillingblasting operations during the ore production could accel...

One of the main subjects of the contemporary project or production/operations management is to make decision. In order to be successful, managers should use modern planning methods. Application of an accepted investment project is as important as its design. As the sources are limited eventually the accepted project which is designed with spending great sources and effort should be completed on time, it is necessary to use them efficiently and cleverly. One of the distinguishing features of contemporary project ma...