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The calibration baseline of the Faculty of Geode sy, University of Zagreb, is the longest calibration baseline in the world numbering altogether 25 pillars. It was built in 1982 for the purpose of testing and calibrating the electro-optical distance meters, and today even GNSS instruments can be tested there. Th is calibration baseline provided a mutual standard scale for the calibration of instruments at the distance up to 3100 m in the Republic of Croatia and wider region. In this paper the determination of coor...

The determination of heights using the me thod of geometric levelling belongs to the most precise geodetic measurements. The majo rity of errors in geometric levelling can be eliminated in the most part by testing and rectification of instruments, by selecting an appropriate measuring method and the most convenient external conditions and the time of the day and the year. The errors that canno t be eliminated in f iled conditions are the error of staff scale, the error of irregula rly attached staff scale and the ...

Installation techniques of pipes line, such as water, sewerage, gas etc. are changed nowadays. Because of conventional inst allation of pipes in trench has many disadvantages, such as disruption to traffic flow, loss of access, noise, additional safety and technical problems with other buried se rvices, trenchless pipeline technologies are used widely nowadays. Settlements of the road surface are not to be expected as well as road repair work is not necessary along the pipeline for trenchless installation. There h...

This paper discusses the practical implementation of terrestrial laser scanning for ovalisation measurements of newly built concrete railway tunnels. Also an accuracy assessment is performed and then an overview of the measured deviations is given. This research is based on the ovalisation m onitoring of concrete railway tunnels for the first projects of this kind in Belgium. Thes e tunnels are measured with laser scanning during the first three months after construc tion. For all measurements, the concrete surfac...

The advantage of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) over other terrestrial technologies is that it is not affected by uncertainties in the ground layers of the atmosphere. At present, manufacturers characterize the accuracy of vectors measured by the static method of GNSS technology using values 5 mm + 1 mm. But also exist different methods of choice the cofactors of measured quantities by GNSS. The paper presents experimental measurement of the 3D geodetic network using the technology of the GNSS, process...

For the analysis of various geological featur es can be derived from minimal anomalies caused by mass distributions, we present an ex tensive geophysical re cords. It is quite clear that at this stage; on ly a comprehensive analysis of data submitted by the various branches of geology can advance our knowle dge on geological structure and causes for it. Classical correlation between gravity anomalies of sedimentary basins of major minimum and is the most common significant abnormalities that may be of this type.

The aim of this study was to determine changes in surface area and volume of the Sille dam reservoir, in Turkey, according to the water level. To adopt measures for collecting more water in dam reservoirs, reservoirs and ponds, to prevent water pollution, protect water sources and extend the service life of these facilities, it is important for users (Municipalities, SHW and Irrigation Unions etc.) to know the current topographic conditions and any changes in the storage capacities of these facilities. Sedimentati...

Urban transformation includes the subjects of bringing its function to the places that lost their features, renewing the unhealthy and unlicensed buildings in the city, Transformation of the buildings that might affected from the natural disasters to other using areas, defining the urban functions correctly and planning them, renewing and developing the urban substructure. The aim of the urban transformation is to make the area which is the subject of transformation habitable and make the conditions better. To ach...

The paper describes the automation of astrogeodetic measurements in determining astronomic station coordinates $\Phi$, $\Lambda$ and determining astronomic azimuth A. The automation has been developed at the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb. The results of precision testing are presented. There are also the applications of automated astrogeodetic measurements in engineering geodetic practice illustrated, first of all those needed for the determination of the surface of astrogeodetic geoid and for independe...

In Republic of Croatia the Law on State Survey and Real Estate Cadastre regulates the maintenance of cadastre and its gradually adjustment to the real estate cadastre, Currently, is in progress the establishment of real estate cadastre by the new cadastral surveys for 5\% of the Croatian territory. For the remaining areas establishment is planned by individual parcel translation. The most important and difficult precondition is cadastral plan geometric accuracy improvement (homogenization). Pursuant to Law Article...

Deformation measurements and analysis are one of the most significant subjects in geodesy. Deformation monitoring and taking precautions on time is very important for safety of people and facilities. In this research, three period measurements were done in a trigonometric levelling network. S transformation and Kalman filtering techniques were performed for detection of vertical deformations. Results showed that both methods determined vertical displacements at the same points. Moreover, the values of velocity and...

The Republic of Croatia, as any other country in the world that has been faced with the war consequences is burdened with one of the most difficult consequences – mine contamination. Therefore the most sophisticated Mine Information System (MIS) has been established in the Croatian Mine Action Centre (CROMAC). Mine Information System of the Croatian Mine Action Centre applied in the system of anti-mine activity in the Republic of Croatia. Geodetic measurements of searched and demined areas is one of the actions ...

Tunnel ’’St. Ilija’’ is on the road that connects the Makarska Riviera and a new highway through the mountain range Biokovo (Figure 1). With a length of 4250 m, it is currently fourth road tunnel in Croatia, but also the tunnel with greatest overburden of 1300 m. According to the available information this is a road tunnel with the biggest limestone overburden in Europe, and as such it represented a real challenge for all who participated in its construction. This article describes the geodetic works that ...

GPS (Local Positioning System) technique is still the most applied positioning system in practical applications and engineering projects in our country and in the world. Since GPS measuring is commonly used in every kind of geodesic study, heights used in practice can be obtained easily in demanded accuracy from GPS. However it is necessary to determine geoid which had enough precision in working place. Because geoid is a natural relation between the ellipsoidal height (h) determined by satellite and orthometric h...

The test network of geodetic base is located at the territory of the park Jelenovac in Zagreb. The test area is rather unstable and suspected of ground subsidence. The geodetic base has therefore been renewed and established for the purpose of monitoring and analysing vertical movements of the geodetic control network. The state of the existing geodetic control points has been recorded and damaged points have been renewed, and destroyed points stabilized anew. The stabilization of points has been made on concrete ...

The Act on protection and conservation of cultural goods has been in force in the Republic of Croatia since 1999. It defines types of cultural goods and measures for their protection and conservation. The main authority for protection and conservation of cultural goods is the Ministry of Culture. This paper will describe geodetic works on saving a protected cultural monument. Results of the analysis of movement measurements over a longer time period will give insight into the real conditions and enable experts to ...

Form time to time real estate owners have problems from each other because of demanding access right from neighbouring real estate which has no bordering to cadastre or reconstruction road. Neighbouring real estate owner doesn’t want to allow the others who want to go their fields, lands or gardens with their vehicles and equipments. According to the Turkish Civil Code Article 747, landlord who doesn’t have enough way from his land to the general road may pay in consideration of demanding an access right from ...

A man-made structure or natural phenomena like crustal movement, vertical land movements, subsidence determination, etc. is subject to deformations due to forces on them. Deformations of a structure require rigorous analysis to reflect significant movements. In general, deformation analysis relies on the reference network that is set outside the deforming area so that a comparison could be possible. However, a geodetic reference network is itself subject to movement. Therefore, the stability of the reference netwo...

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) introduced revolutionary changes in the positioning and navigation, but it is well known that the precision, reliability, availability and integrity of the results obtained by this technology, largely depend on the number and geometric distribution of the satellites being tracked. This is especially problem in areas with limited sky visibility, such as urban canyons, dam monitoring in valleys, deep open-pit mines, larges construction sites. Furthermore, indoors or undergr...

Since the geodetic control points are the base for all surveying tasks, the quality of these tasks will directly depend of the quality of geodetic control. The main two elements of geodetic network quality (accuracy) are its precision and reliability. There are different precision and reliability measures for the geodetic control. The positioning precision, as one of the most important component of geodetic network quality, has been expressed in various ways depending on the positioning method. The standards have ...

Operation research is scientific system discipline, that at the same time ranking to the praxeology disciplines – science about rational organization of human activity, applied to the area of management in the economy and in the other areas (research, health care, transport, schools, state administration, urbanism, cosmic research, army, etc.). Operation research is orientated to the operation of production, transport, division, services, supplying, stocking, renovation, development, conflict solving, etc. Many ...

One of the most important factors in economical development is using the resources efficiently. Land possession has a special importance in agriculture which is one of the main sectors of economy. Land is a limited and needed resource which is impossible to reproduce. On the other hand, many scientists explained that agricultural lands have been reduced day by day. For that reason it is necessary to make every kind of regulations and implantations for efficiently and fertile use of lands. One of the most important...

The application of precise geodetic measurements in industrial surveying is very important in defining the axes or planes in which individual parts of equipment are installed in the process of their assembling. Apart from that, it is necessary to control the whole or some parts of equipment after assembling and putting it into operation for the purpose of obtaining high quality operational procedure. This paper describes the procedure of applying precise geodetic measurements and measuring data processing on speci...

The problem of converting the points in a coordinate system to another coordinate system is very common in Geodesy and Photogrammetry Engineering. The coordinates in a coordinate system can be derived from the definite coordinates of the points in another system by means of coordinate transformation. The type of transformation is determined according to the objective of the transformation and the number of the common points in definite coordinates. Similarity (Helmert), Affine and Projective transformation methods...

The “Pecine” Tunnel is located on the Croatian national road D404 which connects the centre of city Rijeka and Su\vsak port with the Rijeka Bypass. Because of many specificities, namely, three-lane and four-lane sections, two connections, tunnel’s location near the residential area and railway, it was required special approach to its construction. In this paper geodetic procedure and the results of stake out supervising of some tunnel elements, cross profile surveying, as well as verification and adjustment ...

The possible effect of the reductions to the measured distances between the points in a geodynamic geodetic network on the reliability of the subsequently calculated deformations has been analyzed. Experimental investigations on the basis of doubly measured spatial chords from the real network and their analogues in UTM-projection have been planned and implemented. Reduction adjustments have been indisputably found to lead to distortion of the deformation model.

Two models have been proposed – static and kinematic – for modelling of the contemporary vertical crustal movements. Herein are demonstrated: the mathematical mechanism, the experimental investigations, the analysis of the results and some graphical representations. Based on the modelling, the relevant conclusions have been drawn.

One of the two main elements create our professional discipline is the effort to determine the shape of the earth and related developments in measurement methods and techniques, the other is the cadastre and title studies connected with the phenomenon of property. The currency, reliability of the present title and cadastre data on the usage of national database isn’t sufficient to respond the needs of technical and information technologies. Land arrangement works in Turkey has been carried out under the two main...

Urbanization in many aspects in the process of social change and forming has its own distinct features. Especially urbanisation in the developing countries like us has been experienced a process including both traditional and modern institutions and socioeconomic structures. The most important component on implementation of the plans which prepared to redirect the development is plan implementation tools. In this way, while the plan application was being provided, the equal share of urban income can be given by th...

Standardisation and participation in the processes of developing standards are becoming increasingly important for the surveying profession. Application of standards is a very important part in the process for Quality Management (QM). A key role in developing standards has The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), a worldwide federation of national standards bodies from almost 150 countries. However, in many cases the prescribed standards are not appropriate for practising professionals, so that th...

One of the major concerns in all underground mine excavations is the stability of the stopes, the empty spaces which are created throughout the excavation process. Typically, the mining engineer supports or reinforces the stopes when needed, by means of rockbolts, wire meshes and steel sets. At the same time, a monitoring system based on geotechnical or geodetic measurements can provide against tiny displacements of control targets. This paper presents the application of artificial intelligence techniques, namely,...

A specific application of the Method of the finite elements is proposed. The approach is based on the theory about the rheological segmentation of the Earth crust. Different practical various of the proposed method are considered

Theoretical and experimental investigations have been made to study the polar motion based on the IERS (International Earth Rotation Service) solution. A set of 9 mathematical models is proposed to examine the time series of polar motion. We have proved by statistical tests that the ARMA (2,1) model is the “best” one of the proposed set of competing models. Estimates have been obtained of the spectral characteristics by investigating the cyclic polar motion variations. Criteria are applied to assess the adequa...

Modern technology in the production of geodetic instruments and accessories needed for measuring basic quantities (distance and angle) has reached high level. In the filed of geometric levelling, colour layers are put on invar tapes very precisely with measuring uncertainty of 10–50 $\mu$m. These tapes present working scale on invar levelling staves. Using modern precise level (optical of digital) one can read the smallest detail on invar levelling staff with measuring uncertainty of 0.01 mm. Hence, it is obviou...

NAVITEQ establishes the first nationwide GNSS network in Bulgaria. It is a private project that offers an inexpensive way of precise positioning by transmitting correction data. The main purpose is to provide services to GNSS users that need centimeter and sub-centimeter accuracy. NAVITEQ provides three types of services called Naviteq Post Processing, Naviteq VRS and Naviteq PreciseRTK. There is another service in real time mode that is under development. The NAVITEQ reference stations positions are determined in...

Analytical model of the stress-deformed state of the rock mass in production mining is proposed. In comparison with conventional ones, the model takes into account the depth of coal extraction, thickness seam and the existence of the total zone of mining subsidence displacement. As is shown by calculations, effect of said factors results in complete reconsideration of the stress-strain state pattern of the rock mass and may serve as the basis for the development of mining subsidence displacement theory.

The contemporary construction on the territory of Sofia requires more and more responsible execution of the geological researches. The drilling of deep construction pits, as well as the construction of high-rise buildings (with more than 100 m height), are connected with serious problems, especially in the anti earthquake security insurance. One of the important questions which were raised in the construction of Metrostation 7 in the Sofia’s centre, as well as in the designing of Europa Center, having 180 m offi...

Rockfalls are natural process of cliff and hillside erosion, can be simulated by the computer programs. They consist of large rock fragments from a cliff, or boulders from a slope that bounce, roll, and slide down a hillside and come to rest in a “runout” zone at or near its base. Rockfalls are a major hazard in rock cuts for highways and railways, and in mountainous terrain. Rockfalls are generally initiated by some climatic or biological event that causes a change in the forces acting on a rock. These events...

Interferometric analysis of Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) on the Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS PALSAR) shows the spatial pattern of the deformation associated with the magnitude 6.8 Niigataken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake of 26th July, 2007. It reveals not only the large deformation near the source area of the earthquake, but also the local zonal uplift area with 1.5km-wide and 15km-long band along the anticline axis of active fold, on Nishiyama Hill at 15km east of the earthquake epicenter. We consider i...

GPS RTK method has never achieved millimetre vertical accuracy. For the most common geodetic tasks such as surveying, staking out and monitoring, GPS RTK method in many cases has been limited by its measuring accuracy. Before the appearance of the new Topcon Lazer ZoneTM technology, we were able to achieve centimetre vertical accuracy (from 1 to 3 centimetre) using GPS RTK systems. Combining Topcon Lazer ZoneTM technology and Topcon GPS RTK HiPer Pro system accuracy of height determination can be increased to a mi...

Tunnels are the objects of road infrastructure which construction requires very complex, demanding, and responsible geodetic tasks. In the tunnelling, at first it is necessary to establish high quality geodetic control that serves as the base for the transfer of the planned tunnel axis in horizontal and vertical directions, as well as the base for all geodetic measurements realised before, during and after tunnel construction. The basic quantity for the planning the completely measuring concept in the tunnelling i...

Building a tunnel is a very expensive construction task, especially when cutting a tunnel in inconvenient geological conditions. The tunnel building is made drastically more expensive by badly executed works on the cutting itself, i.e. the excavation, and it happens when the areas of excavation cross-sections differ from the areas of designed profiles. It is therefore very important to monitor, apart from the direction of tunnel cutting in terms of position and height, also the areas of cross sections of the excav...

Since 2000 in Bulgaria have been installed and put into operation two DGPS beacons. Preliminary site selection and equipment delivery procedures for a new station of the same type have been started recently. Each of the two existing and one planned stations serve specific activities: marine and inland water way navigation and exploration, land navigation, positioning, targeting, etc. Though built with different purposes and missing a common network concept, these stations provide differential correction coverage o...

The Siah Bishe Pumped Storage Dam is located in the northern part of the Alborz mountain range. The investigation results and the effect of brittle deformation of two fault sets in the left pressure shaft of Siah Bisheh Dam are discussed in this paper. The shaft is arranged in sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Triasic and Jurasic ages. The length of the shaft is 450m and its diameter is 6m with 65 degree inclination relatively south-north trend. The results of geo-engineering surveys using boreholes and statistica...

Multivariate statistics analysis is one of the base stages in geochemical data processing. In this branch of mathematics, “Hierarchical Clustering Analysis” applied to identify the relations between the variables such as elements and samples. Hence, different types of mineralization would define. However, any missing or errors in entrance the data make a wrong or not clear result. Sometimes misinformation or data errors appear because of analytical errors, missing some information, or problems in sam pling or ...

This case study presented herein describes and analyses the results of the detailed surveys of landslides caused by toe erosion in Avutmus district of Sebinkarahisar (Giresun-Turkey), based on field and laboratory measurements, monitoring and remote sensing data of the study area. Sebinkarahisar has been recognized as a landslide-prone area. Landslides in this area caused several hazards in the houses and farming areas. In view of landslide re-occurrence potential in this area and its close environ, understanding ...

This case study presented herein describes physically based susceptibility mapping in AvutmuЕџ-Sebinkarahisar (Giresun-Turkey) and its vicinity using the SINMAP model. Sebinkarahisar has been recognized as a landslide-prone area. Landslides in this area caused several hazards in the houses and farming areas. In view of landslide re-occurrence potential in this area and its close environ, understanding of the failure mechanism is highly crucial. In order to predict the future landslides in the area and its vicinity...

The need of real publication and distribution of the data from the cadastral systems more emphasized dictate adequate engagement of methodology and algorithms for registration of constrictive components which helps discretization of space phenomena and events. Within the turbulent ideas the cadastral systems which are functionally based on 2D treatment of property units do not have ability to accept and fulfill complex constructive segments and their contacts whit the close surroundings. This is only a part of the...

Authors consider a damage in a building excavation, which took place in June 2005 at the environs of Sofia. The slope of the excavation is protected by anchors and protective net but after the heavy rains during the whole month of June 2005 it begins to degrade. An emergency additional strengthening is made and the degradation is stopped. The paper considers the reasons for the damage and outlines the results of the investigations and laboratory tests made afterwards. The specific characteristics of the soil that ...

This study was aimed to determine the levels of blast-induced vibrations at BayД±rk\"oy town situated in the boundary of BeЕџikd\"uz\"u and being said to be affected by the blasting generated at Korkuthan Quarry being located at the edge of Akhisar Brook in BeЕџikd\"uz\"u in Trabzon. Korkuthan Quarry has assured riprap materials for filling the sea and sea fortification for the construction of Espiye-\cCarЕџД±baЕџД± coastal highway (including Giresun coastal highway) at the scope of The Black Sea Coastal Way Rehab...