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The structural analysis of the civil infrastructure is vital in order to track the evolution of degradation in time, to prevent disasters, but also to document and conserve the sites of cultural heritage. This paper review-s the workflow on the acquisition of point clouds to Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) with those collected by photogrammetric 3D models based on images captured by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), analyzing the data sets on two diferent type of bridges located in western Romania. The obtained da...

Object. Measurements via borehole inclinometers have been actively used in geotechnical monitoring for more than forty years. Due to the high sensitivity of MEMS sensors to external factors, the passport accuracy characteristics of such equipment are significantly underestimated. At the same time, the analysis and interpretation of data obtained by inclinometers measurements are associated with an assessment of these measurements quality. Identifying the random and systematic components of the total error is the k...

GNSS technology evolves at a fast pace and, along with it, the number of applications that are based on this technology increases. An important part of the applicability of GNSS technology is in the field of geodesy. In this article we propose to present a GNSS system that is built starting from the U-blox ZED-F9P receiver, integrated on a development board produced by SparkFun that is connected to the Raspberry Pi 4 Model B single-board computer. The Raspberry Pi computer and the development board made by SparkFu...

The data obtained from the monitoring of the dam’s behavior, allow to make the decisions to start the current maintenance works at the best moments of time. They also make it possible to know from early stages possible atypical behavioral phenomena and to take measures accordingly before such phenomena become dangerous for the safety of the construction. One of the ways to monitor constructions is to perform geodetic measurements at different stages and to compare the coordinates obtained in a coordinate reference...

The instrumental accuracy of modern electronic tacheometers allows to measure the elevation difference with the accuracy of geometric leveling. Meanwhile EDM leveling is less time-consuming. The measurement accuracy comparable to the instrumental one is unattainable in real atmosphere due to the vertical refraction. At a distance of 1 km, the vertical refraction effect can reach several tens of centimeters. The decrease in the accuracy of trigonometric leveling due to the influence of vertical refraction limits th...

Along with creating modern infrastructure facilities in Moscow, 9-storey building with a multi-level underground unit is being constructed in the central part of the city. Partial preservation of the structures of existing historical facades of buildings is provided during construction. Buildings, structures of the surrounding development and dense network of underground utilities fall into the zone of construction influence. Taking into account the construction in conditions of dense urban development, near exist...

Surveying stability monitoring of hydraulic structures are an integral part of their safe operation, warning of man-made, environmental emergencies. In most cases, such facilities are not typical objects, and, therefore, blind guidance of regulatory documents cannot provide an opportunity for operational stability control. The problem of designing observation stations in hydraulic structures is extremely relevant in this regard. This article summarizes the experience of conducting systematic high-precision observa...

The objective of this research is to optimize the volume of laboratory tests of physical and mechanical properties of soil. Today, the solution to geomechanical and mining technological problems has the form of functional or statistical relationships, reasoned by the physical parameters of soils (density, moisture, strength properties, acoustic indicators, etc.). The calculations use the average values or estimates of these parameters obtained from statistical processing of multiple laboratory or field test data. ...

The Bulgarian northern Black Sea coast is affected by many landslides. Several geodynamic networks have been built to study landslide processes in the northern Black Sea coast. Landslide research is important, as these phenomena can lead to great material damage. Their destructive impact on buildings, engineering structures and disturbances in the resilience of the earth's crust causes enormous economic, environmental, social and other damage, and often takes human lives. A modern tool for monitoring landslides is...

The provisions of the Geodesy and Cartography Act (in force since 2006) provide for the establishment of a Geo Information System. So far, this Geo Information System has not been created for one reason or another. Given this fact, this publication aims to comment on the main provisions and advantages of the transition to reference to standards in the legislation (primarily Ordinances and Instructions) in the field of Geodesy and Cartography in the country, i.e. reference to one or more standards in place of detai...

Globally, modern crustal movements are being studied as a priority, a large number of projects are being developed and significant funds are being allocated for the development of research in this field of science. Due to the social importance of the problem, the need to obtain geodetic data on the current activity of the earth's crust is realized. This article examines the study of the temporal movements of the earth's crust and the accumulated stresses in a geologically and seismically active region with the pre...

This publication aims to offer a generalized approach in describing a conceptual mod?l based on the ISO Conceptual Schema Modelling Facility Schema architecture and so-called Systems approach, based on General Systems Theory to establish interoperability at creation, acceptance, maintenance and renewal of the State Levelling Network I and II Order. The basis for proposing this generalized approach is the new Instruction for the establishment and maintenance of the State Levelling Network. This Instruction has been...

QDaedalus systems are currently used for astronomical observations to obtain astrogeodetic vertical deflections (VDs). Astronomical observations cannot be made under the same conditions as geodetic observations (e.g., GNSS), because meteorological factors (e.g., cloud cover during observation, high humidity, fog, etc.) and timing of the observations may directly affect the observed benchmarks, particularly regarding precision and accuracy determinations of the VD components observed with the QDaedalus system. For ...

The region of southwest Bulgaria is characterized by a large number of fault structures, and the presence of tectonic and seismic activity, thus predetermines the development of dangerous geodynamic processes. This article discusses the estimates of modern movements of the earth's crust obtained from periodic geodetic measurements. They describe the total effect of fast and slow horizontal and vertical movements. Obtaining such estimates, on the order of mm/y, requires determining the coordinates of the points of ...

During the process of drilling wells with a complex spatial profile, it is necessary to obtain timely information about technological processes in order to control them. This issue is relevant for the oil and gas industry, since the number of works of increased complexity is constantly growing. This article discusses the technique of vertical tomography in control problems during directional well drilling. The object of control in this case is the technological equipment, the well and the surrounding soil. The art...

There is observational evidence that the global sea levels are rising and increasing the risk to coastal communities from floods and erosion. Interest in marine sea level research is determine not only by forecasting cataclysms and sea level rising, but also in connection with interdisciplinary studies exploring the causes of this change. The article outlines time series analysis of tide gauge data to solve for short and long-term sea level variations at Varna and Burgas tide gauge stations. The data covered the p...

The constructive solutions proposed for the realization of constructions must take into account the existing situation on site and the way of manifesting of as many factors that can influence the functionality of the building as possible. When functional deficiencies occur during the construction operation, they must be located immediately, the causal factors must be identified sooner rather than later and measures must be taken to eliminate their effects. The activity of building monitoring is aimed at monitoring...

The global development of science and technology encourages many countries to use their own modern coordinate systems, determined on the basis of satellite measurements. At the same time, the modern system should be characterized by its openness and unity for the entire territory of the country. One of the main problems arising in the creation and operation of its own high-precision positioning satellite systems in the Republic of Kazakhstan are the lack of domestic satellite equipment, specialized software and te...

The MEMS technology has experienced an amazing growth since the mid-20th century, becoming a major presence in current technologies. The MEMS devices refers to microstructures that are based on both electrical and mechanical components. Given their multiple applicability, made the demand on market to increase, resulting the rapid development of this technology. With a wide opening in the field of navigation, MEMS devices are based on accelerometers and gyros, but also on sensors such as magnetometers, environmenta...

Often, during the analysis of the Recent vertical motions of the Earth?s crust, it?s operating by the knots of the benchmarks in networks with different range. Usually, various models of a dynamic behavior of the benchmarks are postulating. But there isn?t a model, which is not devoid with indefinable in translation. The problem with indefinable is corresponding with the problem for a choice of a fundamental (?immovable?) benchmark. For an ?immovable? benchmark could be chosen an arbitrary benchmark in the network...

Systematic monitoring of buildings and structures is necessary to ensure the safety and reliable functioning of infrastructure facilities. An important component for high-precision measurement control during monitoring is the verification of double measurement accuracy and the identification of systematic errors. By double measurements we mean the comparison of measurement result difference between the monitoring series, determining the displacements that occurred as systematic errors using the mathematical appara...

Through this work we have created two geodesic support networks of the V order in the peat area of Poiana Stampei commune, supporting the subsequent topographic elevations of both the railway and its auxiliary elements, as well as the adjacent areas, be they forest boundaries, fences, etc. .a .. After materializing and making observations, it is necessary to compensate the networks to obtain the final coordinates of the points that will serve the subsequent topographic surveys and the topographic plans. In order t...

The study of recent crustal movements is one of the priority areas of the Earth sciences. Geodetic methods occupy a particularly important place in the general complex of measurements and investigations of crustal movements because they provide quantitative information on the condition and development of geodynamic processes. The paper outlines the newly accepted project with main goal monitoring the geodynamic processes in the area of Sofia. This goal will achieve by periodic GNSS measurements over the Sofia geod...

The study of landslides is of particular importance because they can lead to great material damage. The region of the Bulgarian northern Black Sea coast is affected by many landslides and it is important to monitor motions of the major landslides in this area. The paper outline deformation analysis of the landslide processes in the area of ?Dalgiya yar?. It is a landslide circus from the Varna landslide region that covers several active landslides, whose boundaries are overlapping and for that reason are difficult...

By definition, the monitoring of the in situ behavior of the constructions includes the follow-up and evaluation of their technical and functional state and the interventions on them in order to remedy the behavioral deficiencies found. The knowledge of the causal and conditional laws of appearance and development of the behavioral phenomena of the constructions allowed and allows the definition of some behavioral properties. These properties can be defined qualitatively, by attributes, or quantitatively, by sizes...

The purpose of this study is to follow the dynamics of erosion on the Alakol lake coasts using terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), which are leading to major changes of embossed medium, endanger the existing infrastructure and hinder the development of recreational coastal zone. The main steps in applying the ground-based laser scanning method are as follows: pre-paratory work for field-based radar systems; TLS data collection with laser scanner RIEGL VZ-4000; processing the received data in the RiscanPro program; an...

Object. In high-precision work including surveying observations of deformations the researcher often encounters with the problem of interpreting survey measurements. The quality of such measurements and their functions are characterized by root-mean-square deviation. In this article authors consider a method that improves the quality of equalizing angular measurements using the example of circular (360-degree) techniques. The initial data were taken from one of classic calculation work «The results processing of h...

The precise point positioning (PPP) method is a relatively young method of GNSS observations processing but it is already quite widespread in many cases. However, the processing of observations with this method using specialized software requires some experience and competencies. The advent of web services for processing the results of observations using the PPP method significantly simplified this task. This circumstance is especially important for workers in the cadastral sphere, and makes it possible to simplif...

During a mine exploitation, the activity of the mine shafts must be carried out under outstanding safety conditions, given that through them we carry out the transport of personnel and materials necessary for the production process and we extract mineral substances. For these reasons, the operating parameters must be within the limits provided by specific regulations, both in the case of supporting and guiding elements of the shaft, as well as those of the extraction plant. The labor protection regulations provide...

As a result of mining activity on the earth?s surface the phenomena that have negative effect on the objects in area of influence of extracted area exist. Depending on geomechanical qualities of hanging wall and surrounding rocks, geological conditions of depositing, seam and depth of position of deposit, critical angle of influence, way and time course of mining and other parameters the horizontal and vertical movements always appear to a greater or lesser extent. They can be described by inclination, proportiona...

The paper outlines time series analysis of tide gauge data to solve for short and long term sea level variations at the Varna tide gauge station. The data covered the period 1928 ? 2018. The measurements have started at 1928 using mechanical floating tide gauge type A. Ott-Kempten. In 2013 a radar tide gauge type Vega Plus with web interface was installed. Linear regression model was applied analyzing monthly registration for computing mean sea level, trend, annual, semiannual and decadal variations. Analysis of t...

Over the past years the evolution of geodetic instruments is taking the way of minimalization and mobility. Remarkable technological progress can be recognized on a field of mobile scanning. Wide variety of usage of handheld laser scanners and its accuracy of measurement in comparison to other geodetical methods was settled as the main objective of this contribution. The introduction of article is concerning about the problematic of documentation of historic landmarks. Following pages are describing the methodolog...

A nationwide project is under taken since a few years with the purpose to upgrade the geodetic infrastructure by setting up a wide real-time GNSS/CORS (Global Navigation Satellite System/Continuously Operating Reference Stations) network. In this perspective, a study is achieved in the setting of this assignment with the purpose to select eligible sites of the network infrastructure. The technical selection criteria were based essentially on the assessment of GNSS data received by permanent sites under experiment....

In Poland there exist legal regulations concerning the protection of agricultural and forest land. The paper aims to investigate the changes in the area of agricultural and forest land in Poland since the accession to the European Union in the year 2004. The study was based on statistical data for the years 2004-2017 provided by Statistics Poland. Paper presents: (i) changes in the land area by land type, (ii) changes in the fallow land area, (iii) changes of agricultural land area resulting from land designation ...

This paper presents the combined method of determining the deflection of vertical components ? and ? based on the precise levelling and GNSS measurements. In general, there are several methods, but the combined method simplifies data collecting and subsequent processing of results in comparison with other methods. Components determination was performed on the high precision levelling network in Serbia, by calculating undulation on each point, so as azimuth and length for each side of the network starting from refe...

The paper presents a way to increase the performance of inertial systems used to determine the aerospace vehicles' attitude based on low-cost MEMS gyro sensors. A vital role in the design process of the inertial navigation system is played by sensors distribution inside the inertial detection unit. This distribution can be different from case to case depending on the type of sensors or the signal processing algorithm used. The novelty of the proposed system consists in the using on each axis of the navigator inert...

Modern digital 3D technologies are already an integral part of the construction industry. 3D technologies include 3D scanners or photogrammetric surveying of buildings, which we are dealing with in our faculty research. The main topic of the article is the evaluation of 3D building scanning processes, photogrammetric surveying and subsequent processing of acquired data. From the acquired point clouds eventually produce project documentation of the current status of the building with minimal deviation from the actu...

The paper deals with the experience of engineering geological surveys of problematic sections of motorways D47 and D2 in the Czech Republic. Into selected sections of the D47 motorway near Ostrava waste material of blast furnace slag was deposited, which proved to be very problematic. Another problem solved was the solution of surface and embankment defects of the D2 highway near the town of Hustopece, located in Moravia, where in some places there have been surface drops of up to several centimeters. In the emban...

For a more complete use of information in geodetic measurements of rotary kiln geometric parameters, a method of mathematic simulation of the stress state in the kiln shell is proposed. The essence of the calculation method is to ascertain the stress-strain state of the kiln shell as an elastic statically indeterminate multi-span beam. The disclosure of static uncertainty is performed by the displacement method, which allows to unify the calculation algorithm for kilns with an unrestricted number of intermediate k...

Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) measurements of the geodynamic satellite LAGEOS-1 (LAser GEOdynamics Satellite) for the period January 2000 - June 2013 are processed and analyzed. The analysis are carried out with the Satellite Laser Ranging Processor (SLRP) software, version 4.3, developed in the Department Geodesy of the National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. A new module for parameter estimation using the least squares method was developed to allow flexible treat...

This paperwork is dedicated to the research of the quality of height anomalies derived from the Global Geopotential Models GOCO over the Serbia territory. Three different types of approaches for the same model were considered: time wise, space wise and direct approach. The quality of the mentioned models is determined by comparison with terrestrial data of height anomalies, that are relate to the second high precision leveling network of the Republic of Serbia (the period of realization of tide gauges observations...

With this publication is intended to demonstrate the possibility of practical realization of European Terrestrial Reference System 89 (ETRS89) for the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria, by developing an intraplate velocity field model using velocities of a network of continuously operating GNSS stations. The introduction of the ETRS89 is aiming to unify national reference systems for geodetic measurements, cartography, GIS, research and navigation in Europe. The EUREF Permanent GNSS Network (EPN), which consis...

The work exposes the design and experimental testing results of a low-cost INS/GPS navigator with a data fusion algorithm based on an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). In the paper, the structural design of the MEMS-INS/GPS integrated system mechanism and the training procedure of the fuzzy inference system are firstly exposed. Further, the evaluation with experimental data of the integrated navigator based ANFIS algorithm is presented. The integrated navigator proposed scheme works in two different p...

The way of maintenance and updating the real estate cadastre is regulated, at present, by the Act of May 17,1989, The Law of Geodesy and Cartography [6] and by the decree of the Minister of Regional Development and Building Industry of March 29,2001 ? the cadastral law [1]. Updating the cadastre at the stage of setting out a building object is of particular importance; it has specified tax effects. Usually, the charge due to a property tax is increased what results from the real discontinuation of agricultural act...

In comparison with West Europe, Polish luxury residential real estate market is characterised by a relatively low level of prices and a relatively low number of properties with very luxurious character. Transactions concerning luxury apartments constitute approximately 1% of all transactions of sale of residential real estate in the largest cities in Poland. Due to the growing income and improving level of life, demand for luxury apartments in Poland is constantly increasing, and the market has good perspectives f...

The article presents the results of statistical processing of field surveying observations data of the displacement process on the earth's surface. Currently, the main method to monitor displacements and deformations of the earth?s surface during mining operations is to determine the coordinates of reference points of observation stations. This method allows you to obtain reliable data on the movements of points in the displacement trough and form an idea of both the shape of the trough and the values of deformati...

The information technology input for the building life cycle is more and more intensive, starting with design, through realization and including the use and the operation of the building. The progress in this field is represented by Building Information Modelling (BIM). BIM is in its base object-oriented 3D model of the building, which includes information about the structure, elements and their parameters. This paper is aimed at the proposal of information model for documentation and management of pipeline bridge...

More than 400 geodetic and cartographic documentation centres are active in Poland; they are maintained by starosts (heads of districts) and presidents of cities with rights of districts at the level of heads of districts, or cities with rights of districts. In particular cases those centres are maintained at the municipal level, if a relevant agreement has been concluded with a mayor or a president of a city which is not a district. At present the method of producing maps for design purposes is regulated by two l...

Revitalisation includes comprehensive and integrated activities in the social, technical, economic, environmental and spatial sphere. All revitalisation activities, however, must be subordinated to social goals, and infrastructural projects should support the improvement of the quality of life of residents and the socio-economic recovery of problem areas. Changes in rural areas aimed at improving spatial order and landscape aesthetics while preserving resources and forms of cultural heritage and local identity and...

The monitoring of the construction behavior is one of the important activities carried out to determine the state of construction, subject to various natural and anthropogenic actions at a given time. In Romania, the activity of rockfill dams monitoring is regulated according to the importance category (A, B, C). The Rausor Dam is located downstream of the confluence of the River Rausor with the river Targului, which springs from the Iezer-Papusa Mountains. The dam is located at 7.5 km from the village of Leresti,...