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This year marks the 21th anniversary of the completion of the tallest building in Romania, the 351.5 m smoke chimney in Baia Mare. The Surveying-Geodesy team of the North University of Baia Mare, at present a structure belonging to the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Technical University of Cluj Napoca, monitored the verticality of the structure, immediately after completion, and then periodically, with a frequency of 1-2 years. This paper presents an analysis of the evolution of the vertical axis of the struc...

This article outlines the steps to be taken to ensure that the old Land Book Plans can work together with the current Land Plans and the Orthophoto Plans. For this purpose, scanning steps, georeferencing, must be performed. Then compare the old plans with the current ones by overlapping them over orthophoto maps. Following this stage, we can find out if there are differences between the older and the current plans or the current situation in the field. By overlapping, in the same reference system, we can very easi...

Ionosphere is one of the most important sources of the errors in positioning of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), navigation and time. The standard methodology for estimating the state of the ionosphere (total electron content - TEC) that uses terrestrial or space receivers, which can effectively process the signals from the GNSS-satellites using the synchronous observations by the carrier phase and group delay, does not depend on pseudo-distances, a priori values or other external information. The on...

The article deals with geodetic works connected with the construction of the space position of the track together with the measurement of the 3D axis of the track on the section 2363 (the state border between the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic and the railway station Horn? Lide?, which is located in the territory of the Czech Republic). In the introduction, the purpose of measurement and site description are briefly described. In the core of the article, there is a way of creating SPT (spatial position of ...

In this article was designated a relation of average values of measured curvatures of mining terrain with their forecasted values. These values were calculated by the use of the Bialek?s formula with the values of its parameters determined from the geodesic measurements results. The average graphs of measured curvatures were obtained on the base of average values of terrain subsidence caused by multi-seams exploitation of hard coal at the great depth. An exploitation was conducted by the use of longwall system, in...

Regardless of the nature and type of geodetic control networks, their task is to create a base for determining the position of various objects on the surface of the Earth. In the whole globe there is a need to conduct detailed geodetic measurements and to develop their results in the binding spatial reference system. In Poland, three classes of accuracy of terrain details are designated. Of all the field details, the highest accuracy of position determination is required for border points. This results from the ne...

In this article was shown a methodology of obtaining the average graphs of mining terrain curvatures caused by multideposit exploitation of hard coal which was conducted at the great depth. An instance of exploitation comes from the mining plant which was established in the borders of The Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland. Hard coal exploitation was conducted in the years 2001 ? 2011, in three coal beds 338/2, 341 and 358/1, at the depth of 600 m, 635 m and 1000 m. Influences of mining exploitation were observed...

Hydropower plants are objects which horizontal and vertical displacement must be monitored regularly. Method used for determination of horizontal displacements of the Hydropower plant Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its practical execution are presented. Algorithms for regular adjustment of indirect measurements and S-transformations into optimal datum are also presented in this paper. Further, regular adjustments of indirect measurements of the reference and control point coordinates in the conventional dat...

A precise line that can be called a coastline cannot be determined due to the coastline paradox. However in general terms, coastline or seashore is an area where land meets the sea or ocean, or a line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake. In port areas, where port berth is a stable structure, determining the coastline is easy given that the coast structure is defined by vertical bank. Other examples of stable port structures include: slipways, cliffs and solid borders between water and ...

In this paper were presented the results of geodesic measurements which took place in the years 2001 ? 2011 and were carried out by some hard coal mine, which is located at the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland. This mining plant was conducted an exploitation of hard coal in three coal beds named 338/2, 341 and 358/1 which were respectively located at the average depth amounts 600 m, 635 m and 1000 m. In order to observation of the impacts of multi-deposit exploitation conducted at the large depth, the measuring...

This article is an analytical representation of the impact of two essential attributes which represent the accuracy of a point determined by a tacheometric measurement. The first value is the accuracy of the measurement station, which in polish conditions is accepted as error-free, just like the points of reference in geodetic networks are accepted as faultless, although they are not. Another factor is the accuracy of the measurement itself. The accuracy of such a designated point has a significant impact, among o...

In this article, the idea of a project for the development of navigation information support for open-pit mining operations (NIS OPMO) is considered in the form of a system of high-precision satellite positioning of all open-pit lease mobile and static objects, allowing the determination of their location with an accuracy of centimeters and data transmission of this information to the situation center. Developed by NIS OPMO, it will allow digitalization of mining in quarries and will become the basis for work on t...

The paper deals with development and application of the circular motion simulator (CMS), which was developed at the Department of Surveying of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava. The CMS is a rotary motion device with precisely defined motion parameters (position, angular rate, angular acceleration and orientation), which allows to realize a broad spectrum of dynamic tests for various types of sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes, total stations ? testing of tracking mode, inertial measurement system...

Mining is one of the most devastating forms of meeting human needs. As it is clear from the aerial photographs, the landscape of the north-western part of the Czech Republic is highly affected by the activity of the mining industry, namely lignite quarries. During the activities at these quarries, the landscape is transformed into a form that resembles the surface of the moon. For this reason, the law imposes an obligation on mining companies to reclaim the landscape after their activity to guarantee the higher cu...

Accuracy requirements in hydrographic surveys inspire drive to seek improvement in measurement devices and systems used to, amongst others, determine coordinates of the position of sounding vessel and ideally sea bed reflection points of acoustic wave. Limitation to requirements included in international rules, especially included within IHO S-44, does not fulfil expectations of principals. It is however possible to execute using modern measurement (geodesy) devices and systems. Measurements and soundings historic...

This paper deals with the issue of the influence of the horizontal temperature gradient (horizontal refraction) on geodetic measurements of the horizontal direction. The topic of horizontal refraction has not yet been given much attention in research, especially because it is significantly less than the effect of vertical refraction in common geodetic practice. The article presents the mathematical modelling process by solving the differential equation of wave propagation in non-homogeneous atmosphere. On this bas...

Use of digital elevation models is crucial in fast growing need on developing project documentation to design roads and other buildings. There are a lot of different digital elevation models available online for free download and free use. However the production of such models come from different sources and one can expect different results using different digital elevation models. In this paper evaluation of such digital elevation models will be given. Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering is monitoring exploitatio...

In the protective pillar of the shaft in the mining area North Plant 2 the mining method Room and Pillar was practised on for trial from May 2014 to October 2017, which was suggested as inovation of the mining method Room and Pillar. The task of trial operation was to prove the utilization of the mining method under conditions of underground coal mines in the Ostrava-Karvin? coalfield. The principle of the mining method is leaving stable coal pillars to support the overlying layers and then extensive separation in...

Present GNSS receivers are made to become smaller, lighter and better equipped in one. Their possibilities allows to use them in a different kind of applications. The NovAtel FlexPak6 is a brand new triple-frequency GNSS receiver. This device gives a lot of new opportunities thanks to the wide range of built-in commands. The aim of this study was to describe the most useful commands for cooperating NovAtel FlexPak6 receiver with Spirent 6300M simulator. This study contains technical descriptions of the NovAtel Fle...

The paper presents the evaluation with experimental data of an ANFIS based INS/GPS integrated navigator. The experimental model of the INS/GPS navigator has been manufactured in the Aerospace Engineering laboratories of the University of Craiova, Romania, during a research project. This hardware structure was developed around an inertial module (inertial detection unit) incorporating three analogous miniaturized inertial sensors (LPY510AL - Biaxial analog gyro, LPR510AL - Biaxial analog gyro, MMA7361L ? Three-axia...

Considering the substantial increase in the number of buildings needed in the continuous development of human activities, no matter their destination (civil, industrial, social, cultural, hydrotechnical, communication etc.) and their environmental impact, it is required to increase attention to the activity of land and building monitoring, according to present laws. There is often needed a quick and precise answer concerning the monitored objective (land or building) behavior, which may help preventing any negativ...

In Poland, keeping a register of areas threatened by mass movements and landslides monitoring is the responsibility of the staroste1 resulting from the provisions of the Environmental Protection Law and the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment. Pursuant to the Act, the staroste is obliged to observe areas threatened by mass movements of land and areas where these movements occur. According to the Regulation, "for areas endangered by mass movements and areas where these movements occurred, a monitoring is ...

Many decades have elapsed since the invention of the steam engine and gradually falls into forgotten. However, the most significant message that has emerged when discovering this facility is the discovery of the railway. In order to make the track and therefore the railway as we know it today, it was necessary to develop methods of construction at the same time, and last but not least, the methods and devices for their reconstruction. One of the most important discoveries in the field of railway construction has u...

The patchwork of land is one of the major factors that have a negative impact on the organization and the level of agricultural production. Excessive fragmentation reduces the intensity of work and increases the costs of agricultural production, thus generating lower and lower incomes. In terms of the unfavorable geometry of the boundaries of plots, resulting from the considerable fragmentation of land, the land patchwork plot is also an obstacle to building a cadastral system in Poland. The geodesy tool for impro...

The separation between the mobile plate (Phanerozoic) in south and west of the eastern European Precambrian East European Craton is the most prominent geological limit in Europe known as the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ) In this study we were mainly interested in a prominent segment of TESZ, known as the Tornquist -Teisseyre Area (TTZ). In this study we highlighted the TTZ area through the gradient of geoid from Romania. The geoid provides a good representation of the long wavelength characteristics of the Ear...

Mathematical determination of the course of the baseline is necessary to establish the external border of the territorial sea, which is the state border. Its determination mainly affects the defining of the range of sovereign rights of individual states. For Poland, the determination of the course of the territorial sea baseline can be considered in two main aspects: legal and measurement-related. This paper discusses the issue of preparing measurements of the baseline. It presents domestic and international regul...

Numerous errors and misinterpretations concerning the group refractive index of air are present in fields of geodesy and metrology. Many historical methods (e.g. Barrell and Sears, Edl?n) are still in a frequent use even if they are considered obsolete and inaccurate from today?s perspective. The goal of this paper is to interpret and evaluate Ciddor and Hill procedures which were published in Applied Optics in 1996, 1999 and 2002. Along a simplified method, articles by Ciddor and Hill from 1996 and 1999 were reco...

Investing in real estate has always been considered an attractive form of multiplying capital. It is not a risk-free kind of investment, nevertheless many people, decide to locate their money in that kind of good. There are many things that potential property investors have to analyze in order to minimize the risk of investment failure. One of them is property value. Most of the properties are sold according to market conditions. In other words, these are transitions where a willing buyer and a willing seller in a...

Property is a good of specific features that can satisfy many types of needs. Even though properties in many situations are identified with fulfilling living requirements (for example residential apartments) they can also be subject to the capital investment and the source of its obtainment. Investing in real estate is a proven way of income multiply. Buying an apartment for investment purposes is becoming a more and more popular form of investing capital, as rent income is more profitable nowadays than deposits a...

Determining the weights of market features of real estate in explaining their prices is one of the basic objectives of the market analysis carried out as part of property valuation. In practice, property appraisers usually settle for basic methods of determining weights, e.g. based on the principle of ceteris paribus. The paper proposes the use of curvilinear correlation coefficients for this purpose, an attempt of such use was made and the obtained results were compared with the weights determined on the basis of...

The following article deals with problems of mapping of quarries, the subsequent creation of graphical map documentation and the processing of data providing information on the mining process. It deals with the work and procedures to be performed in the field during the preparation and the measurement itself and describes the subsequent progress of the work in the evaluation and processing of the measured data for the preparation of the basic map of the quarry. Prior to the measurement itself, it was necessary to ...

Currently in our country, dry salt extraction of salt deposits is achieved by the small chambers method. The projected size of the assembly formed out of the side of a pillar and the adjoining chamber is of 30m and remains constant over the entire depth assigned for the exploitation, but the portion of the side of the pillar changes (which is constantly increasing along with the depth) and a of the side of the chamber (increasing with the decrease of the depth). The pillars and rooms have a height of between 7m an...

When documenting of existing bridges, object geometry knowledge is the highest importance. Complex construction documentation usually has limited spatial representation of the object, based on a limited number of basic forms of modeling, represented by edges, corners, planes and volume elements of the real object, and depending on the purpose, the model results must match within a certain accuracy with real object. Rehabilitation of bridges also involves the realization of detailed plans in situations where they n...

The International Terrestrial Reference Frame defines and maintains the global reference coordinate system. It is based on the observations from space geodesy techniques at geodetic stations. Beside collocated stations with more than one space geodesy technique the geodetic stations at stable regions without local movements must be used. So, during maintenance of geodetic stations must be secured that the stations are not subject to local movements. The case study is presented for the station at the Geodetic Obser...

Agricultural lands are one of the foundations of the country's food security. Recently, the problems of management and efficient use of the agricultural lands have become widespread in society, science, and the political sphere. A characteristic feature of the current state of the agricultural lands is the transformational processes taking place on them. This article discusses the approach to studying, monitoring and controlling the transformation of the agricultural lands on the example of the Leningrad region an...

Experience has shown that all buildings and constructions are subject to displacements and deformations. There are no absolutely stationary and non-deformable constructions. Deformations are also caused by variable loads acting on the construction. For example, loads caused by wind, solar radiation, vibrations from machines during operation, seismic stress and others. The area in which the tallest building in Romania, i.e. the 351.5 m smoke chimney in Baia-Mare, is located has a very low seismic activity. In these...

The article presents risk assessment during the surveyor's work. Threats occurring during geodetic measurements in the field were determined. These are various types of measurements carried out for investment purposes, topographic and property boundaries survey, determination of displacements and deformations of structures and engineering structures, etc. It is worth, therefore, that each surveyor should be aware of the dangers that may threaten him during work. Hazards related to geodetic measurements have been i...

In 1791 the French Academy of Sciences decided to have the size of the Earth measured once more, to a superior accuracy, hoping that perhaps the size of the Earth could be determined to some 10 metre accuracy. This would translate to the error of one metre etalon to be about 1 micrometer. The task of determining the size of the Earth was entrusted to a pair of geodesists/astronomers, P.F.A. M?chain and J.-B.J. Delambre, both highly regarded members of the Academy. Their task was to measure as accurately as possibl...

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an intelligent 3D model-based process that gives Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) professionals the insight and tools to more efficiently plan, design, construct, and manage buildings and infrastructure. The main vision of BIM is to create true, reliable information of the buildings that are complementary and easily replaceable and made them available to different participants of the construction process. The basic condition for fulfilling this vision is the ...

Sports facilities need to be controlled at every stage of their implementation. Examples are certified athletic objects that must meet many conditions starting from the appropriate length treadmill arches that create it, the foundation of additional elements (jumps, viewports) to the declines in the track surface. Conducting measurements such an object requires a lot of work. Often before repair work, it is required to make detailed measurements of levelling. This allows you to determine the status of the current ...

Property investment is predominately determined by the characteristic features of the good. The specifics of the real estate is shaped by a group of physical, economic and institutional-legal characteristics. The most important from the point of view of the investor involve: stability in place, durability, diversity, deficit, location, protection against inflation, loan security, capital protection, reduction of current expenditure, consumption. Because of the features mentioned above real estate is considered a v...

Poland's membership in the European Union obliges us to implement the rules binding in the Member States and to the preservation of the principles of sustainable development understood as the integration of economic, social and legal activities through the implementation of new technologies for environmental protection. In order to fulfill the obligations arising from the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council 2010/31/UE of May 19, 2010 on the energy performance of buildings, from January 1, 2017, ac...

Any infrastructure investment is implemented in specific environmental surroundings and among specific local community. Its consequences include changes in spatial land management and environmental transformations, often leading to social-spatial NIMBY conflicts (Not In My Back Yard). Such conflicts currently constitute a very serious problem of local socio-political life in Poland, and reflect the imperfections of the planning and spatial management system. They result from the conflict of interests of the invest...

The optimization of the station points stability position in the monitoring of civil engineering structures displacements in service stage is a necessity due to the fact that depending on the location of the station points the visibility and therefore the accuracy of the determination is maximized. Because sometimes these monitored objects are no longer isolated to afford a wide range of positions of observation points, sometimes even in urban agglomerations that greatly narrow this area and the optimization of th...

Both rural areas and agriculture related to them serve a crucial role in shaping the economic growth and social development of the country. Structural changes occurring in Polish agriculture are determined by numerous factors of an external and internal nature. One of the major ones is the agricultural policy pursued by the state. Economic and social changes taking place in Poland after 1989 posed new challenges to Polish economy, including agriculture and the countryside. They are associated with a deep restructu...

This paper proposes an adjustment algorithm of GPS vector as correlated observations. The theoretical and practical analysis has been performed for the case of a small GPS vector network (of a few hundred meters) to monitor displacements of land area or deformations of engineering structures. The detailed record of correlated observations adjustment algorithm is presented. In this case, the adjustment procedure using the least squares principle can be proven to be unchanged. The key task in this approach (adjustme...

Sintioana, the component of the Sinmartin commune, Cluj County, it was necessary to execute operations at legal, economical and technical level. This operation was done successively on cadastral sectors. The present paper deals with the study of the technical operations necessary for the introduction of the real estate cadastre, as well as the achievement of the site and delimitation plans for each building in part, from four cadastral sectors of within the built-up area of Sintioana. In order to take over the tec...

The history of digital terrain modelling started in the 50's. Digital terrain modelling is nowadays one of the basic ways of a terrain representation. The basic task of creating the digital terrain model (DTM) includes data collection, generation, visualization, interpretation and application. There can be various sources of data to generate DTM. The source data set is the basic element for the accuracy of the resulting model. There is also described a few series of tests on the accuracy of DEM source data. The co...

The buildings preserved in the Old Town of Sandomierz belong to one of the oldest preserved, best recognizable and interesting from the architectural and archaeological point of view places in Poland. Historical buildings are situated on one of seven hills, like Seven Hills in Rome, the capital of Italy. Thus, the residents often call Sandomierz ?Little Rome?. Another significant element making these two European cities similar is the network of underground labyrinths being an extraordinary tourist attractions. In...

In the opencast coal mining we face the excavation, transport and the storage of a substantial volume of materials. One of the main and regular tasks for surface mines are therefore the calculations of volumes and the monitoring the progress of extraction. The main objective of the measurement is to determine the geographic position of bucket-wheel excavators and lay down their basic geometric parameters, which define their position within three-dimensional space. This way we can monitor, plan and manage mining pr...