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The Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic KД±zД±loren formation outcroping around the KД±zД±loren mountain, 40 km to the west of Konya begin with dolomite at the base and, grades upward into calcitic dolomite, dolomitic limestone and limeston,. Dolomites are two types; mimetic and non-mimetic. In mimetic dolomit, pellet fossils, ooid and intraclast were poartially or totaly preserved. In non-mimetic dolomite, the depositional texture were totaly destroyed. It is composed of euhedral, hemihedral, dirty-brownish coloured, n...

Defining the mineral potential of the sea floor could be handled by different methods, but the prerequisites for each methods is to clear the conditions of precipitation environment such as physico – chemical conditions and also it depends on the type of precipitant. The appearance of any mineral in the sea floor strongly depends on the aqueous environment and the physical prosperities of the mineral. In this article, first of all, I considered the physiographic regions of the sea floor in entire the world, an a...

The most of the mineral raw materials mined out in the Slovak Republic need specific modifications, which are enabling for the next exploitations of raw materials in the other industries. This article provides description of the quartz sand, that are able to use as foundry or glass sand after proper modification. Of course, the sand is needed modify by the proper method, which could allow their use in melting, glass and in the other industry. In this article is provided short report of the most often exploited mod...

Clay sorbents from the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin represent important but still somewhat neglected accessory raw material. Submitted paper is concerned with relation between mineral structure, sorptive efficiency and reclamation exploitation of these rocks. Characters and localities of main clay sorbents from the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin are shortly evaluated in an introduction. In next part, methodology of mineralogy survey for these accessory raw materials is stated, it is based on diffract analyse w...

The southern edge of Eastern Pontids is covered by rock units belonging to two distinct continental crusts that reunited through a Late Upper Cretaceous-Eocene suture zone. In the north of the Suture zone (Olur), Paleozoic aged acid magmatits (Permo- Carboniferous) constitute the continental crust basement. On this basement, there is uninterrupted marine sediment which has disconformably developed between Upper- Lias Late Cretaceous. These sediments have deposited under the conditions of Lias- Lower Malm basic vol...

The objective is the study of filtering tissue permeability and the characterization by means of permeability tests, of the process of coal particles retention in breath protection filters. The porosity of a filter, defined as the ratio between the void volume inside its fibres and the total volume, is a static parameter that provides point source information about the initial conditions of the filtering tissue. When excessive deposition of particles on the fibres happens, there is an increase of resistance to the...

Smectite and illite occurrences extended over an area of about 5 km2 in the Southern parts of Limnos, island, Northeast Aegean sea, Greece, were found and studied. The smectite as well as the illite occurrences are alteration products of volcanic rocks principally trachyandesites, dacites and dacitoids. The study of the thirty samples collected from five fault zones was carried out using XRPD, SEM, SEM-EDS, techniques and ICP bulk rock chemical analyses for major, trace and rare earth elements. The extended altera...

A new device for stress tensor measurement is developing on base relief overcoring method applied on conical shaped borehole bottom. Developing of equipment has progressed to two parallel types: for measurement of total rock stress tensor by overcoring procedure and for monitoring of induced changes of rock stress tensor impressed with uderground human activity (progress of long wall face,\ldots). This second type of device has been used to long term monitoring of the stress – strain changes. A functionality of ...

The Sungun porphyry copper deposit (PCD) is located in East Azarbaijan, in the NW of Iran. The Sungun porphyries occur as stocks and dikes ranging in composition from quartz monzodiorite through quartz monzonite. Four types of hypogene alteration are developed at Sungun, potassic, phyllic, propylitic and argillic. Based upon their phase content, four types of fluid inclusions are common at Sungun (1) vapor, mono-phase (2) vapor-rich, two-phase, (3) liquid-rich twophase, and (4) multi-phase. Halite is the principal...

The Dalmatian region is a karst region built of Mesozoic limestone and dolomites. In the four Dalmatian counties aggregates and natural stone is quarried at 155 sites and there are 73 abandoned sites. A GIS based model on map-correlation and map-integration processes was used in order to define relationships between spatial layers and combine predictor factors in supporting a hypothesis. The response variable is the set of point locations of current aggregate and natural stone quarries (termed training sites), and...

The stability problems in 73 meters height of dolomite wall cause to starting an empirical estimation for early step of slope optimization. In this paper, three rock classification systems (RQD, RMR and SMR) are utilized for assessment of dolomite wall failures in the 6th Golbini Jajarm bauxite mine. The SMR (slope mass rating) geo-mechanics classification system, is adaptation of RMR (rock mass rating) for slopes. In first step, joint study and site investigation carried out for RQD (rock quality designation) and...

Alkaline basaltic tuffs, BT, from southern Turkey were characterized and used to obtain cheap sintered glass-ceramic and ceramic materials. The chemical and mineralogical compositions were analyzed by fluourescene spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analyses, respectively. The phase formations were studied by DTA, while the sintering behavior – by differentional dilatometer. The structure of the sintered samples was evaluated by pycnometric techniques and observed by SEM. Due to its high porosity and low crystall...

The leaching conditions of galena (PbS) concentrate in nitric acid (HNO3) medium containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were investigated in this study. Effects of stirring speed in the range of 0 to 600 rpm, nitric acid concentration in the range of 0.1 to 2.0 M, hydrogen peroxide concentration in the range of 0.25 to 2.0 M, leaching temperature in the range of 23 to 60В°C, particle size range of -212 +106, -106 +75, -75 +45 $\mu$m on lead dissolution were investigated. According to obtained results, it was determin...

On 22.12.2005 the General Assembly of the United Nations Organization unanimously decided to proclaim the year 2008 as International Year of the Planet Earth. UNESCO and the International Union of Geosciences decided to develop the programmes within a Trienium of Geosciences 2007- 2009. Thus, the United Nations acknowledge the special role that geosciences may and should play in establishing a better world, their huge potential being utilized in a more rational manner for the benefit of humanity and its sustainabl...

In the course of years in the engineering practice are formed mathematical procedures which are marked as “engineering calculations”. We will characterize the engineering calculations with the following specific features: • the engineering calculations are pointedly pragmatic; • the engineering calculations are based on working formulas; • the results are approximate; • the engineering calculations are developed by experts and should be applied by experts.

Sungun Porphyry Copper deposit is located 75 kilometers northwest of Ahar and 130 kilometers northwest of Tabriz. In order to model the deposit and estimate its reserve, 31068 input data gained from 152 boreholes were used. Cu grade was selected as the major regional variable on which the present research has focused. All of the available data were changed to 12.5-meter composites so that statistical equalization could be reached. Studies indicated that Cu input data had single - population characteristics. To car...

The long-going petroleum exploitation in the Section Cocu determined the increase of chloride concentrations in groundwater. The aquifer system in this area comprises four aquifers, with different extensions, separated by semipervious units. The third and the fourth aquifer are more extended. The third aquifer is in direct relationship with potential pollution sources, such as oil wells and oil pipelines and it is drained by the River Cotmeana. Several monitoring wells were drilled for the purpose of this study, p...

The Chahargonbad area is located in southern part of the central Iranian volcano–sedimentary belt, in Kerman province. The intrusion of several intrusives bodies such as granodiorite, monzonite, diorite, granite and quartz diorite in the volcanic sedimentary sequence have given rise to an intense and vast alteration and copper mineralization in the southern part of this belt different image processing techniques such as color composites, image filtering, band ratioing and principal component analysis have been a...

Methane drainage and utilization can be a profitable activity for gassy underground coal mines, also it protects our environment by decreasing “greenhouse” gases. One of the key parameters for methane drainage is permeability of coal. The flow of gas and water through coal samples was studied to investigate its permeability to methane and water. A relationship was found between the coal permeability to methane, and its permeability to water. As the measurements of permeability should be in-situ representative,...

In this paper, we investigate the the lateral displacement of a Gaussian beam by a conductive thin slab is investigated. A description of the Gaussian beam and a lateral displacement of Gaussian beam at a conductive thin slab is given. We construct a plane wave representation of a Gaussian beam incident upon a homogeneous, lossless, isotropic conductive slab. The waves inside and outside the slab are solved analitically by matching the conductive boundary conditions at the interface. Numerical results including th...

The crack propagation researches carried out on rock and rock mass are important in mining, petroleum and natural gas engineering studies. It is assumed that crack propagation is an important design parameter in underground and open-pit mining applications. It has positive effects in some mining activities such as drilling, blasting, excavating, block caving but also negative effects due to cracks formed around mine roadways, tunnels and in landslides. In this research, the marble and travertine were selected as n...

An exploratory data analysis (EDA) technique is based on the box plot and robust-class selection. Calculation of the threshold of anomalous data is based on the determined classes. In contrast to classic statistical processing ( ), in these methods, normalization isn’t needed. This paper is devoted to presentation of EDA application on stream sediment survey data of 1:50000 Shirinkand sheet. 180 Samples were analyzed for 23 elements and because of high censored values of Cd and P, they are omitted from data proc...

The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rocks is an important parameter used in rock mechanics studies. The standard test procedures in order to determine UCS value has been developed by ISRM and ASTM. According to these standards, the tests should be carried out on core samples but they say that the tests should be also being carried out on cube samples. There are a lot of papers published about the size effect of intact core samples. According to the articles and standards, the length (l) - diameter (d) ratio...

Variability of stream sediment survey data have two principal component including syngenetic component relates to lithogenesis and lithogeochemical variation, and epigenetic component relates to mineralization which its determination is the target in geochemical exploration. In regional stream sediment surveys, effective lithologic units in syngenetic component are located in the upstream of related sample. Various methods are used for neutralization of syngenetic component in stream sediment geochemical surveys s...

This study presents preliminary results of our study on the kaolinisation of Tertiary magmatic units in the Biga Peninsula. Volcanic and intrusive rocks of Tertiary age crop out in the vicinity of the HarmancД±k and \"U\ccpД±nar villages of \cCanakkale country, Lapseki town. Volcanic rocks consist of andesites, basalts and rhyolites, whereas intrusive rocks consist of granitic plutons. The granitic intrusions cut the volcanic rocks. Kaolin deposits appears to have formed within the andesitic rocks. The kaoline dep...

The Correspondence Analysis Method (CAM) is actually a Non-structural method that could be used to define the anomaly from the background. To apply this method, representative samples of a large area are necessary but knowing the exact location of each sample is not necessary. Base on this method, the litho-geochemical data would be mathematically process to extract the valuable factors needed to plot a two by two diagram. This method has been applied on available data in Enjerd skarn deposit. Five factors have be...

A significant range of the landscaped damaged by brown coal mining is one of the base problems of the region of the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin. The proper application of fertilizable rocks to sterile and phyto-toxic sits is the condition of the success of reclamation works. Natural clayey sorbents are usually of very good use, but the North Bohemian Basin is quite poor with them. Bentonite deposits are significant exceptions. They are a part of tertiary vulcanodetritic strata of the subsoil of a coal seam. Th...

Question about identification of the dangerous situations during industrial explosive works’ execution is treated in the report. A test is made for systematization of the aspects that cause some damages and problems when work with explosive materials.

Excess amount of coals produced more than demand has to be deposited in stockyards. During this period, coals lose both their economical values and cause environmental problems. It is often that spontaneous combustion event of coals can take place in the cases of convenient conditions are available. In this work, two industrial sized stockpiles were constituted at coal stockyard of Western Lignite Corporation (WLC) in Tuncbilek, Turkey. The size of the stockpiles formed as triangle prism was about 10 m by 5 m widt...

In the report you can see the question for the common requirements towards technologies during executing explosion duties and work consecutiveness. Right technology choice and following the requirements will provide people safety, without refusal high efficiency of the explosion duties.

Four main mineralized vein Groups within the Sar-Cheshmeh Porphyry system have been identified: I) quartz + molybdenite + anhydrite В± K-feldspar with minor pyrite, chalcopyrite and bornite; II) quartz + chalcopyrite + pyrite В± molybdenite В± Calcite; III) quartz + pyrite + calcite В± chalcopyrite В± anhydrite (gypsum) В± molybdenite; IV) quartz В± calcite В± gypsum В± pyrite В± Dolomite. Early hydrothermal alteration produced a potassic assemblage (orthoclase-biotite) in the central part of the stock, propylitic...

This paper presents the geology, reserve estimation and quality assessment of the Sindhali limestone deposit located in allochthonous succession of the eastern Nepal Lesser Himalaya. Geologically, the limestone deposit lies in the Bhainsedobhan Marble of the Bhimphedi Group where the Bhimphedi Group is divided into three formations: the Raduwa Formation, the Bhainsedobhan Marble and the Kalitar Formation from south to north respectively. The study area is further divided into Northern, Central and Southern tectoni...

Norm Statements Actual that settle the questions related to the execution of industrial explosive work are considered in the report. There are shown the main requirements stationary for all who execute some industrial explosive works and actions with explosive materials.

Problem about the directions for improving the healthy and safe work conditions during the execution of explosion duties is put into attention in this article. It is about the assessment for the enabled risks during operation with the explosion duties and the necessity of using some precautions and actions for averting, decreasing, and limiting their existence or inventing a protection towards them.

This paper present a geophysical investigation performed for the Bakhtiary dam site in Iran. As it has been designed with 330 meter high, this dam would be the highest dam in the world. In the context of engineering seismology, seismic tomography may be relevant in problems where seismic refraction is currently used. Both of these techniques aim to detect subsurface velocity. In Bakhtiary dam site we used seismic refraction, tomography and borehole seismic tomography methods. For refraction seismic method Geotomo ...

The method for exploiting the coal layers by using the crazing and submitting the roofs of the mining works from the underground is an alternative applied on large scale into the brown coal mines from the main coal basin Jiu Valley situated into the S-W of Romania. The technology of individual supporting – by using the open circulation hydraulic props together with the linked metallic bars with blocking bolts and wedges, assume some great physical efforts and the factor of working security is not totally assured...

The principal disturbances created by blasting in open pit mines can be listed as ground vibrations, air blast and fly rock. All of them can, under some circumstances, cause damage to structures nearby, and can become the source of permanent conflict with the inhabitants living close to the operation site. Therefore, the prediction of ground vibration components is of great importance for the minimization of the environmental complaints. This paper presents the result of ground vibration measurements induced by be...

In the condition that drilling and blasting technique is inevitable depending on the rock mass and material characteristics on mining activities, the fragmentation rate and particle size distribution of the muckpile after blasting has important influences on the performance of subsequent mining activities such as loading, hauling, crushing, grinding etc. and the total costs of that mine. Drilling and blasting is an important step in this process chain and it’s results such as fragmentation, muckpile shape and lo...

In this study, the amenability of Akoluk (Ordu -Turkey) ore to the extraction of gold and silver by cyanide leaching was investigated. Mineralogical analysis of the ore has revealed the presence of native gold and a variety of minerals including barite, zinkenite, stibnite, orpiment, realgar, cinnober, pyrite and sphalerite. No silver was detectable under microscope suggesting that it could be present as occluded in minerals such as fahlerz, antimonite and zinkenite. Gold particles as 1-88 $\mu$m in size were obse...

A structural analysis on the used in processes of open cast mining formula is made and some functional dependences are deduced. This shows the relation between optimal speed on temporary rail ways and the productivity of mounding excavator – single – bucket and with many buckets.A structural analysis on the used in processes of open cast mining formula is made and some functional dependences are deduced. This shows the relation between optimal speed on temporary rail ways and the productivity of mounding excav...

The flyrock from blasting operations can harm, damage or expose the workers of a particular worksite or the dwellers of a wider area of extractive activities (quarry, mine, construction site) to damage risks; in some cases even death might be caused, too. There are certain and different ideas and theoretical approaches regarding the evaluation of causes and the implementation of flyrock prevention measures to be taken, as well. This implementation, however, in practice requires a more delicate and rather professio...

Paste backfill is composed of a mixture of mine tailings, process and/or fresh water for the desired solid-water consistency and hydraulic binder to ensure a target mechanical resistance. This paper presents some studies undertaken on the strength development and deformation behaviour of paste backfill mixtures made from a Turkish zinc mine tailings. A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to determine the strength and deformation properties of paste mixtures with binder content ranging from 4 to 7 wt\% a...

The transport represents one of the main sides of the mining technological process, the preponderance of the expenses of this activity reported to the expenses for producing a tone of useful mineral substance extracted from the underground reaching almost 40\%. A good transport system presumes to assure a permanent continuity with passive time cycles having minimum values and functioning in well correlated cascade dimensionally and capacitive speaking. It’s obvious that a transport flow is performing if starting...

Nickeliferrous laterite is a source of ferronickel alloy extracted by a pyro-metallurgical process. Laterite deposits found in Greece are mainly secondary depositions and their nickel content is about 1\%. Beneficiation of the run of mine ore is limited to the +1 mm fraction by magnetic or gravitational processes and its effect is rather unsatisfactory due to the insufficient liberation of the nickel bearing minerals. The mineralogical structure of the ore consists mainly of hematite nodules (pissoids) and quartz ...

In this study, diagnostic leaching and ultrafine grinding as pretreatment step ahead of two-stage cyanidation of KaletaЕџ ore were studied to shed light on the refractory characteristics of ore. The overall gold extraction of 93\% was achieved in two-stage cyanidation of ultrafinely ground ore suggesting the presence of readily recoverable gold (74\%) and slowly reacting gold (19\%) in the ore. Diagnostic leaching approach provided information into the cause of the refractoriness of the ore. The findings of diagno...

In this study, flotation concentration of Trabzon-KayabaЕџД± Massive Sulphide ore was investigated. The effects of particle size, reagent concentration (collector and depressant) and agitation speed on the recovery of copper were studied. The results have shown that the ore responded poorly to concentration by flotation with low efficiency of seperation of copper minerals from sphalerite and pyrite. Changing the flotation conditions i.e. decreasing particle size to >99\% passing 38 $\mu$m or increasing the concent...

The influence of temporary rail ways over transporting ability through the mining railway net in open cast mines is researched. A functional relation between optimal speed of temporary ways and the transporting ability is found.

As it is well known, the process of extracting from the underground the reserves of useful mineral substances by using mechanical methods had been extended mainly regarding the energetic coal a series of countries in the period of 1970 ? 1990, that generated many actions of conception and manufacturing of some specific equipments being remarked mainly Germany, England, Poland, ex - countries of Soviet Union, etc. The main idea consists in choosing and correlating dimensionally, capacitive and functionally some com...

The optimization of the coal winning process using different mechanical and alternative cutting techniques using appropried mathematical models is an up to date reserch methodology. In the paper, two kind of such models are presented, first using deterministic analytical relations evaluated by numerical calculus, and the second using Monte-Carlo simulation of the process using experimentally obtained test data to generate random values of intrinsic rock parameters and logic diagram for the functional connections b...

In this material offers mechanical model that builds on the basic technological characteristics of the system rock – frictional pipe anchor bold (FPA). In the presentation, the anchor is divided on the modeling elements. Their size is determined from the physical model that describes combined anchor-rock system work. Key words: mechanical model, system anchor-rock, stress field