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Heavy metals existing over a limit due to being used industrially or naturally found on rock, in underground water and soil effects ecological system and human life negatively. Researchers have developed different methods for the observation of these metals which influence ecological system and human life. The aim of this study is to explain the graded extraction method with an example which is one of the analysis methods used in the detection of ratio of heavy metals (sample: Al, Mn) that are found in Coastal San...

Turkey is located in a geographical region on a combination of different climatic conditions. Climatic conditions are controlled by temperature and humidity. In this study, the effect of climatic conditions on the uniaxial compressive strength of natural building stones were investigated by using 7 different types of rocks such as granite, limestone, travertine and tuff sampled from different parts of Turkey. First group of experimental studies was conducted to find out the frost resistance of some of the studied ...

Large Dams are a particularly important case of seismic risk assessment. On the one hand, the dams themselves have a high value, having implications for the whole economy, through the production of electricity, water supply systems for irrigation and flood prevention, etc. On the other hand, structural damage of a dam can lead to major disasters, the population exposure to effects caused by sudden floods. The situation in Romania is such a kind that should be given to the future safety of existing dams. The first ...

For a better definition of the Actual Climatic Optimum (the so called “global warming”) a detailed analysis of the Holocene climate is imperative. This paper broaches this analysis from the perspective of the “mini-glaciations” climatic cycle with a 1,000 yrs period which a series of authors took into consideration. The causes of these cycles are represented by periodical variations of the solar activity. But our analysis has covered a larger stratigraphical interval (23,000 yrs) including the W\"urm III s...

An Investigation of explosive consolidation processes of W-Cu ultra-disperse and nano sized powder compositions are discussed. For theoretical calculations of the explosive loaded materials were used the hydrodynamic theory and experimental adiabatics of W and Cu. The stress-deformed state of the steel ampoule-containers was estimated using the solutions of elasticity theory. Copper tungsten (W-Cu) powder compositions were consolidated to full or near-full density by explosive-compaction technique. The industrial ...

The metamafic rocks are represented by amphibolite, garnet-bearing amphibolite and amphibole-bearing schists, associated with a series of supracrustal metasediments in Pan-African basement of the Bitlis massif. The geochemical data of the samples propose different igneous protolithes varying from calcalkaline basalt to andezite. The samples can be classified as Group-1(low Zr) and Group-2 (high Zr), all displaying various enrichments in large ion lithophile (LIL) and light rare earth (LRE) elements and depletion i...

The study area is located at the southwest end of Taurid Orogenic belt, around YanД±klar\cCiftlik- Karagedik (Fethiye-MuДџla) and covers approximately an area of 77 km2. In the study area magmatic and sedimentary rocks formed in Mesozoic-Senozoic period crop out. Eventhough the Upper Triassic-Low Jurassic Kayak\"oy formation represented by dolomite, cherty dolomite and dolomitic limestone occurs at the basement of the study area. This unit lies tectonically on the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous BabadaДџ formation...

Details presents in the paper realize at collaboration the Ministry of Science and Technological Development on project No 17004 R. Serbia. Presented carakterisics clivage in aspect on massif rock research in drillholes B-1k, B-2k, B-3k, B-4k and B-5k. Evaliation of rock stability, in which will be place tunnel axis, took from prospecting Krivelj`s River. Iinvestigations are: structural characteristicsa of rock massif, degree of disintegration, alteration degreee, fracture degreee and physico-mechanical characteri...

\cCakraz district of Bartın province in northwestern Turkey contains wide deposits of quartz sand. Regional geology consist of Lias aged carbonated claystones of Himmetpaşa formation, Barremian aged limestone, dolomitic limestones of Zonguldak formation and Aptian aged sandstone – carbonated sandstones of Kilimli formation. \cCakraz district quartz sand deposits are hosted in Himmetpaşa formation and usually occur as wide lenses in the host rocks. In this study major and minor element chemical analysis, petro...

This study focuses on the geochemical and mineralogical compounds of clay occurrences that had been interbedded low rank coals in Biga Peninsula, Turkey. The usages of these clay formations were also studied. Clay occurrences were formed and alternated along with Tertiary lignite seams in the peninsula where is one of the basic metallic and industrial mineral potential regions in Turkey. Chemical and mineralogical analyses were performed on thirteen clay samples from different lignite beds. The XRD analyses show t...

Kosovo is rich in coal resources / reserves. There are about 14 billion tones coal resources in Kosova. The coal in Kosova is used mainly in power (electricity) generation and less amount for heating. Kosovo coal is lignite type. Exploitation of coal is being donning in two open pits Bardh and Mirash. There is also a project for building of the new power plant (capacity 2000 MW). For this, supply of coal should be made by the new mine - Sibovci. The underground mining was abandoned in 1922. Now it is the surface m...

Kosovo has a varied geology that ranges in age from the Neo-Proterozoic to the Holocene. The geology is characterized by substantial structural features on a regional scale, including, normal faulting and thrusting. The area belongs to the External Vadar Zone (EVZ). The Volcanic complex Mitrovic\"e – Samadrexh\"e is dominated by Jurassic and Neogene volcanic rocks from several eruption centres, interlayered by metamorphic and sedimentary units. The survey area was determined in the adjacent area of the known Pb ...

A revaluation of the important of the climatic variations on the Earth in the last 120,000 years (Quaternary palaeoclimatological data) led us to render evident a special geodynamic moment around 40,000-39,000 years (ka) before present (BP). We have correlated this moment with a severe change of the precessional year duration caused by a modification of the rotational axis position under the influence of a cosmic body. We consider this cosmic event to be the capture of the Moon (by the Earth), former first planet ...

The investigation of the fluvial relief of the north-east side of Kosovo shows a particular scientific and practice interest, so our purpose is to give a circumstantial and full view of morphology and morphogenesis of this part during the evolution phases of its development. In the complex relief of this part, a very important part is the fluvial one, too, so, if we see it by its enlargement, it is ranged immediately after the structural relief, which is regarded to the fact that the fluvial morphogenesis phenomen...

A summary of abundance, quality and usage areas of the known bentonite occurrences in Turkey has been explained for this study. Bentonite that is one of the most important and abundant clays of Turkey has lower cost in comparison to other raw materials. Turkey has significant resources of bentonite that have been reported approximately 370 million tons base reserve. Also Turkey is one of the leading producers with 950 000 tons per year. Lower cost of bentonite in comparison to other raw materials for various usage...

The First step in analysis of slope stability in open pit mines is punctual definition of rock mass characteristics. Several rock mass classification systems have been presented so far in the area of geomechanics. One of the most widely used rock mass classification systems are the geomechanics classification (RMR) by Bieniawiski. The RMR classification is based on the definition of classic membership functions. So characterization of rock masses and determination of their strength may involve some uncertainties d...

The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) is one of the important input parameters used in rock engineering designs of underground spaces, or rock blasting, drilling, slope stability, excavation rate and many other civil and mining operations. Although, the method is relatively simple, it is time consuming and expensive; also, it requires well prepared rock cores. Therefore, indirect tests are often used to predict the UCS, such as Schmidt hammer, point load index and sound velocity. Besides, these indirect tests ca...

Main objective in this study is research of dangerous dust in working area at the KEK, which inflict many professionals’ illnesses. This study will treat and determinate “Dangerous Coefficient” in duty of the working time, which will create fast monitoring condictions in the working area. In this case will be easy to take preventive actions with regards to procetions workers health.

Bor-UlukД±sla Basin is located in Central Anatolia, southeastern part of Tuz Golu Basin. Tertiary aged sedimentary, volcano-sedimentary and volcanic rock units outcrop at the investigation area. Neogene aged Bor-UlukД±sla Basin is a tectonically controlled graben basin and contains syngenetically deposited sediments. Outcropping Neogene sediments, composed of clastic, clayey, dolomitic, tuffitic, evaporitic and silicified rocks, overlie Paleocene-Eocene marine clastic rocks and Paleozoic metamorphic rocks. The Neo...

In the study area the lowermost unit is the autochthonous GeyikdagД± unit (Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician Seydisehir Formation, Upper Jurassic Hacialabaz formation, Upper Cretaceous Cokelen diabase and Upper Cretaceous Saytepe formation). The BolkardagД± unit (Devonian-Lower-Middle Carboniferous Hocalar formation, Upper Permian, Taskent formation and Jurassic-Upper Cretaceous SinatdagД± formation) rests allochthonously on the GeyikdagД± Unit. The Bozkir unit (Bozkir melange with ophiolite and (Mahmuttepe limeston...

The geology and the mineralogy of the clay beds (Doganhisar clays) located southeast of Doganhisar (central Anatolia, Turkey) were studied. Rock units found in and adjacent to the Doganhisar clay beds include metamorphic rocks of pre-Triassic age of the Sultandaglari Massif, the Miocene Ayaslar Formation and the Pliocene Doganhisar Formation as well as alluvium The Lower (?)-Middle Cambrian-Lower Ordovician Caltepe Formation forming the base of the metamorphic rocks is composed of recrystallized limestone and dolo...

This study discusses the results of geotechnical investigation carried out on DoДџanhisar clays in Central Anatolia, Turkey, originated from the weathering of metamorphic basement rocks. The clays of this location constitute an interesting area for researchers due to their geology, thickness, and very high overconsolidation values. In the area, clay deposits are unusually thick, varying from 10 m to 60 m in thickness. For this study, geotechnical investigations were carried out with laboratory tests on disturbed a...

This study includes the application of interaction matrix system given by Hudson in 1992 to underground coal mining conditions. Implication of interaction matrix was realized here at private company owned underground coal mine. After clear description of the interaction matrix and its properties, selected mine workers and engineers worked at the studied underground mine were asked to evaluate predefined 21 evaluation parameters. During the evaluation of the matrix, the parameters were evaluated to obtain critical ...

Mainly high-K, calc-alkaline, Late Miocene to Pliocene volcanic rocks cropped out of Konya area in Central Anatolia, Turkey. The volcanic rocks are predominantly andesitic to dacitic in composition and rarely basalt, basaltic andesite, basaltic trachyandesite and pyroclastics. Mineralogic compositions, major, trace and REE element composition of the investigated rock samples was analyzed. Kaolinite, illite, Ca-montmorillonite, alunite, jarosite, minamiite and silica polymorphs were formed by widespread and intense...

Nowadays the importance of brown coal as a raw material is caused by growing needs of power in the Czech Republic. It namely concerns the only major domestic fossil raw material without which our country would become fully depended on the import of energy resources. Over 70\% brown coal reserves have been exploited in the North- Bohemian Basin today. Opencast mining of brown coal naturally led to vast landscape damages. Therefore reclamation work has acquired great significance. Brown coal is mined in four general...

The aim of this study is to elucidate the neotectonic characteristics of the \cCavuЕџcug\"ol graben. The Cavuscugol graben is 3-8 km wide 28 km long. It is a N-S trending actively evolving extensional structure containing infills of fluvial sediments of Pliocene- Quaternary age. The Cavuscugol graben is bounded on both sides by oblique-slip normal faults. These faults trend N-S and named as IlgД±n Fault on the west and Tekeler Fault on the east. The footwall side of the faults are composed of the pre-Late Cretaceo...

Specific attention has been paid to methods of amelioration for exploration and increasing the efficiency due to importance of dimensional stones industry and its expanding position in non-petroleum export in Iran. Connected scientific management in this industry is essential for the growth of quality efficiency. In this study, one of the several points of view that should be entered in connected scientific management of quarry mines exploration is analyze. It is obvious that deep and lateral expansion of ruptures...

Defining the mineral potential of the sea floor could be handled by different methods, but the prerequisites for each methods is to clear the conditions of precipitation environment such as physico – chemical conditions and also it depends on the type of precipitant. The appearance of any mineral in the sea floor strongly depends on the aqueous environment and the physical prosperities of the mineral. In this article, first of all, I considered the physiographic regions of the sea floor in entire the world, an a...

The most of the mineral raw materials mined out in the Slovak Republic need specific modifications, which are enabling for the next exploitations of raw materials in the other industries. This article provides description of the quartz sand, that are able to use as foundry or glass sand after proper modification. Of course, the sand is needed modify by the proper method, which could allow their use in melting, glass and in the other industry. In this article is provided short report of the most often exploited mod...

The basement of the investigated area consists of Upper Permian – Upper cretaceous aged the Bolkardagi Group and several formations situated in the Bolkardagi Unit, tectonostratigraphic units of the Taurus, viz., Paleocene – Lower Eocene aged the G\"uneydağı formation, and Upper Paleocene – Eocene aged the Halkapınar formation. The limestone of the Guneydagı formation is observed as a basement rock in the area, and is overlied with angular unconformity by Miocene aged the Beykoyu formation, which is made...

Clay sorbents from the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin represent important but still somewhat neglected accessory raw material. Submitted paper is concerned with relation between mineral structure, sorptive efficiency and reclamation exploitation of these rocks. Characters and localities of main clay sorbents from the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin are shortly evaluated in an introduction. In next part, methodology of mineralogy survey for these accessory raw materials is stated, it is based on diffract analyse w...

The objective is the study of filtering tissue permeability and the characterization by means of permeability tests, of the process of coal particles retention in breath protection filters. The porosity of a filter, defined as the ratio between the void volume inside its fibres and the total volume, is a static parameter that provides point source information about the initial conditions of the filtering tissue. When excessive deposition of particles on the fibres happens, there is an increase of resistance to the...

The Dalmatian region is a karst region built of Mesozoic limestone and dolomites. In the four Dalmatian counties aggregates and natural stone is quarried at 155 sites and there are 73 abandoned sites. A GIS based model on map-correlation and map-integration processes was used in order to define relationships between spatial layers and combine predictor factors in supporting a hypothesis. The response variable is the set of point locations of current aggregate and natural stone quarries (termed training sites), and...

The stability problems in 73 meters height of dolomite wall cause to starting an empirical estimation for early step of slope optimization. In this paper, three rock classification systems (RQD, RMR and SMR) are utilized for assessment of dolomite wall failures in the 6th Golbini Jajarm bauxite mine. The SMR (slope mass rating) geo-mechanics classification system, is adaptation of RMR (rock mass rating) for slopes. In first step, joint study and site investigation carried out for RQD (rock quality designation) and...

Alkaline basaltic tuffs, BT, from southern Turkey were characterized and used to obtain cheap sintered glass-ceramic and ceramic materials. The chemical and mineralogical compositions were analyzed by fluourescene spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analyses, respectively. The phase formations were studied by DTA, while the sintering behavior – by differentional dilatometer. The structure of the sintered samples was evaluated by pycnometric techniques and observed by SEM. Due to its high porosity and low crystall...

The leaching conditions of galena (PbS) concentrate in nitric acid (HNO3) medium containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were investigated in this study. Effects of stirring speed in the range of 0 to 600 rpm, nitric acid concentration in the range of 0.1 to 2.0 M, hydrogen peroxide concentration in the range of 0.25 to 2.0 M, leaching temperature in the range of 23 to 60В°C, particle size range of -212 +106, -106 +75, -75 +45 $\mu$m on lead dissolution were investigated. According to obtained results, it was determin...

In the course of years in the engineering practice are formed mathematical procedures which are marked as “engineering calculations”. We will characterize the engineering calculations with the following specific features: • the engineering calculations are pointedly pragmatic; • the engineering calculations are based on working formulas; • the results are approximate; • the engineering calculations are developed by experts and should be applied by experts.

The long-going petroleum exploitation in the Section Cocu determined the increase of chloride concentrations in groundwater. The aquifer system in this area comprises four aquifers, with different extensions, separated by semipervious units. The third and the fourth aquifer are more extended. The third aquifer is in direct relationship with potential pollution sources, such as oil wells and oil pipelines and it is drained by the River Cotmeana. Several monitoring wells were drilled for the purpose of this study, p...

The Chahargonbad area is located in southern part of the central Iranian volcano–sedimentary belt, in Kerman province. The intrusion of several intrusives bodies such as granodiorite, monzonite, diorite, granite and quartz diorite in the volcanic sedimentary sequence have given rise to an intense and vast alteration and copper mineralization in the southern part of this belt different image processing techniques such as color composites, image filtering, band ratioing and principal component analysis have been a...

Rocks are complex and heterogeneous materials. Their complexity is described depends on their mineralogical constitutions which is characterized based on the features of the rocks such as their fabric and texture. It is considered that the texture is an important parameter to evaluation of the mechanical properties of the rocks. In this study, physical and mechanical properties of 9 different rocks were tested according to standards of International Society of Rock Mechanics (ISRM, 1981). In order to analyze the t...

In this paper, we investigate the the lateral displacement of a Gaussian beam by a conductive thin slab is investigated. A description of the Gaussian beam and a lateral displacement of Gaussian beam at a conductive thin slab is given. We construct a plane wave representation of a Gaussian beam incident upon a homogeneous, lossless, isotropic conductive slab. The waves inside and outside the slab are solved analitically by matching the conductive boundary conditions at the interface. Numerical results including th...

The crack propagation researches carried out on rock and rock mass are important in mining, petroleum and natural gas engineering studies. It is assumed that crack propagation is an important design parameter in underground and open-pit mining applications. It has positive effects in some mining activities such as drilling, blasting, excavating, block caving but also negative effects due to cracks formed around mine roadways, tunnels and in landslides. In this research, the marble and travertine were selected as n...

An exploratory data analysis (EDA) technique is based on the box plot and robust-class selection. Calculation of the threshold of anomalous data is based on the determined classes. In contrast to classic statistical processing ( ), in these methods, normalization isn’t needed. This paper is devoted to presentation of EDA application on stream sediment survey data of 1:50000 Shirinkand sheet. 180 Samples were analyzed for 23 elements and because of high censored values of Cd and P, they are omitted from data proc...

The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rocks is an important parameter used in rock mechanics studies. The standard test procedures in order to determine UCS value has been developed by ISRM and ASTM. According to these standards, the tests should be carried out on core samples but they say that the tests should be also being carried out on cube samples. There are a lot of papers published about the size effect of intact core samples. According to the articles and standards, the length (l) - diameter (d) ratio...

Variability of stream sediment survey data have two principal component including syngenetic component relates to lithogenesis and lithogeochemical variation, and epigenetic component relates to mineralization which its determination is the target in geochemical exploration. In regional stream sediment surveys, effective lithologic units in syngenetic component are located in the upstream of related sample. Various methods are used for neutralization of syngenetic component in stream sediment geochemical surveys s...

The system is intended for operatively planning and management of the quality of extracted ore in real time. The system includes following features: Creating and maintenance of data base which contains the numeral samplers of the detonated fields, the needed technical and technological indicators etc. Planning of the extracted activities for period, day, shift and part of a shift by different optimization measures. Distribution of the extraction between the coal-faces. Reverse connection with GPS information relat...

A significant range of the landscaped damaged by brown coal mining is one of the base problems of the region of the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin. The proper application of fertilizable rocks to sterile and phyto-toxic sits is the condition of the success of reclamation works. Natural clayey sorbents are usually of very good use, but the North Bohemian Basin is quite poor with them. Bentonite deposits are significant exceptions. They are a part of tertiary vulcanodetritic strata of the subsoil of a coal seam. Th...

Salt weathering is a process of rock disintegration that takes place in a variety of environments and affects many kinds of rocks. Salt crystallization is one of the most important degradation mechanisms on the effect of rock weathering. Salt weathering is especially effect on the pores rock and affects the rocks, which contains cracks and micro cracks. In this study, the resistance of stones against salt weathering was estimated by ultrasonic measurements and weight loss approximation. Experiments were carried ac...

This paper present a geophysical investigation performed for the Bakhtiary dam site in Iran. As it has been designed with 330 meter high, this dam would be the highest dam in the world. In the context of engineering seismology, seismic tomography may be relevant in problems where seismic refraction is currently used. Both of these techniques aim to detect subsurface velocity. In Bakhtiary dam site we used seismic refraction, tomography and borehole seismic tomography methods. For refraction seismic method Geotomo ...

The method for exploiting the coal layers by using the crazing and submitting the roofs of the mining works from the underground is an alternative applied on large scale into the brown coal mines from the main coal basin Jiu Valley situated into the S-W of Romania. The technology of individual supporting – by using the open circulation hydraulic props together with the linked metallic bars with blocking bolts and wedges, assume some great physical efforts and the factor of working security is not totally assured...