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In this study, it is aimed to find out which wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is more economical by means of comparison of initial investment costs and operational costs of decentralized and centralized domestic wastewater treatment plants in and around Antalya which is located in Mediterranean Region. For this purpose, data of 14 decentralized and 5 centralized domestic wastewater treatment plants is evaluated. The design flowrates of decentralized and centralized WWTP are varying 120-900 m3day-1 and 5000-22000 ...

Mudstone formation samples from Crete, GREECE are investigatedwith regard to their suitability as raw materials for rammed earth and adobe production. This paper deals with the mineralogical composition, soil particle size distribution of samples, as well as the analysis of sample consistency and compressive strength of rammed earth cube samples. Quartz and clay minerals are the major mineralogical constituents, whereas micas, chlorites, iron-oxides and hydroxides, carbonates and feldspars were detected in various...

Renewable energy sources (RES) at the Slovak Republic have only 1,6 \% part in general of power consumption. The development of RES utilization in definitely within the priorities and will positively become evident in political economy of Slovak Republic in several spheres: 1. Level increasing of a home energy sources value 2. Decreasing depends on external energy supplies, which currently cover approx.90\% of the total consumption of the primary energy sources. 3. Improvement of foreign market balance (because th...

Aim of the work is long-time monitoring of building reclamation mixtures on fly ash basis in pilot plant terms. The objective is to obtain a conclusive result set to prove that the interests of environment and people’s health protection are not endangered in the relation with natural geological surroundings by variant bulk mass mining technological utilisation in the area of open pit mines or a power industry. A rigorous assessment of the referential qualitative parameters of monitoring points environment is rep...

GIS of mining corporation like an efective implement for modelling effects of mining aktivity. Geodetic observations constitute the basic sources of data for GIS. Using data transferred into this environment, it is possible to create digital models of undermined areas.The use of geographic information system enables various analyses of further movements of points inside the observed area. On the base of product ArcGIS will be activated system for monitoring effects from mining activity in the location Solivar near...

The study area is located in southeastern part of Sultandaglari, 50 km to the northeast of Isparta. The geological units exposed in the area are: The Lower-Middle Cambrian Caltepe Formation, which comprises grey and pink coloured recrystallized limestone, nodular limestone, dolomitic limestone and dolomite, is the oldest unit. The Upper Cambrian - Lower Ordovician Seydisehir Formation conformably overlies the Caltepe formation and comprises green to brown coloured metasandstone, quartzite, phyllite, calcshists, sc...

In the study area the lowermost unit is the autochthonous GeyikdagД± unit (Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician Seydisehir Formation, Upper Jurassic Hacialabaz formation, Upper Cretaceous Cokelen diabase and Upper Cretaceous Saytepe formation). The BolkardagД± unit (Devonian-Lower-Middle Carboniferous Hocalar formation, Upper Permian, Taskent formation and Jurassic-Upper Cretaceous SinatdagД± formation) rests allochthonously on the GeyikdagД± Unit. The Bozkir unit (Bozkir melange with ophiolite and (Mahmuttepe limeston...

The geology and the mineralogy of the clay beds (Doganhisar clays) located southeast of Doganhisar (central Anatolia, Turkey) were studied. Rock units found in and adjacent to the Doganhisar clay beds include metamorphic rocks of pre-Triassic age of the Sultandaglari Massif, the Miocene Ayaslar Formation and the Pliocene Doganhisar Formation as well as alluvium The Lower (?)-Middle Cambrian-Lower Ordovician Caltepe Formation forming the base of the metamorphic rocks is composed of recrystallized limestone and dolo...

The Goze\ccukuru As-Sb mineralization was occured in an area of 2,1 km2, which is located near the small town of Sahin Village, 22 km west of Kutahya. Low-grade metamorphic rocks (metasandstones, metaconglomerate, chalcshist, graphitic mikaschists, and micaschist and quartz schist) of Upper Paleozoic (Carboniferous- Permian) aged Sahin Formation form the basement. The rhyolitic and rhyodacitic tuffs of Middle-Upper Miocene aged TavsanlД± volcanites uncomformably covers to the Sahin Formation. The Upper Pliocene ag...

The state of Sarawak, situated on northern part of the Borneo Island, is the part of Malaysia Federation. Main raw materials usable for the Sarawak economy are oil, wood, and natural gas. Nowadays the importance of brown coal as a raw material is caused by the growing needs of power in the Sarawak. It is the reason of working trip of authors of this article to the area of Merit Pila. They worked there as Deputy Mine Managers in 2006 and 2007. Merit Pila is great coal basin situated in central Sarawak. The paper br...

The paper analyzes geopolitical circumstances on the global oil market towards the beginning of the 21st century. After the oil price leap, the global oil market has entered the phase of possible energy-related crises, political instability and major disturbances. Such a condition makes the energy-related situation of energy importers rather difficult, especially when it comes to relatively small countries outside of geopolitical integrations, but also makes the need for energy savings topical once again, along wi...

This study discusses the results of geotechnical investigation carried out on DoДџanhisar clays in Central Anatolia, Turkey, originated from the weathering of metamorphic basement rocks. The clays of this location constitute an interesting area for researchers due to their geology, thickness, and very high overconsolidation values. In the area, clay deposits are unusually thick, varying from 10 m to 60 m in thickness. For this study, geotechnical investigations were carried out with laboratory tests on disturbed a...

This paper will first discuss the environmental pollution that threatens the world’s presence and its consequences. Then, it will concentrate on one of the most important concequences of environmental pollution, the global warming, its antecedents and activities that result in CO2 emition. The negative effect of CO2 and greenhouse gases on the atmosphere, on the seas, climate changes, melting of the icebergs and the resulting scarcity, starvation, desertification will be explained. As one of the reasons of globa...

This study given a simple physic and hydraulics explication behind earthquake, called Tsunami. This explication based to energy conservation equation and wave properties have bind used to understand this phenomenon. As we calculated, the Energy E, Velocity v and wave length $\lambda$ of tsunami are decreased but the amplitude of tsunami wave A is increased when it reaches the land, respectively. The changing of wave height when it close to the shore makes tsunami difficult to be detected at early stage. From our f...

The most important creeks discharging to the Beysehir Lake (Sarisu, Ustunler, Ebulvefa, Eflatun) and their drainage area form the southeast basin of the lake. In this study will be given briefly the rocks in these basins and their hydrochemical relation with surface and subsurface water The Lower – Middle Cambrian Caltepe formation comprises of dolomite, crystallized limestone and nodular limestone, occurs at the basement and, has reservoir rock characteristics. The Upper Cambrian – Lower Ordovician Seydisehir...

Coal bed “Drmno” encompasses the area of 60 km2, and total reserves are estimated to 608·106 tons. The coal is being exploited by mine stripping method, and the capacity was 6·106 tons in 2007. Coal layer, with average thickness of 16 m, relatively uniformly sinks from the terrain surface, at the east of the bed, towards west and north, with average slope of about 6°. Coal depth ranges from 35 m, from eastern front advance point, to 100 m, in the western front point. Coal exploitation is impeded by water-be...

The Earth’s weather and climate are the result of the redistribution of heat. The major source of heat to the surface of the Earth is the sun, principally through incoming visible radiation most of which is absorbed by the Earth’s surface. The ocean redistributes this radiation and the atmosphere with the excess radiated back into space as longer wavelength, infrared radiation. Clouds and other gases, primarily water vapour and carbon dioxide, absorb the infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface and ...

Foundries melt ferrous and non-ferrous metals and alloys and reshape them into products at or near their finished shape through the pouring and solidification of the molten metal or alloy into a mold. The foundry industry is a differentiated and diverse industry. It consists of a wide range of installations, from small to very large, each with a combination of technologies and unit operations selected to unit the input, size of series and type of product produced by the very specific installation. The foundry proc...

The distributions of particle sizes and shapes are of great importance to industries employing various materials in powdered form. The investigations have shown that shape and morphological properties of particles affected subsequent processes such as flotation. On the other hand, crushing and grinding are factors that cause creation some changes in physical and chemical characteristics of processing materials such as distributions of sizes and shapes. In this research, experimental studies to determine the shape ...

The legislative framework for the environmental protection in Romania, as a European Union member state, has carried a new approach in the management of the perimeters affected by the industrial activities. At the national level, efforts are made to implement a number of projects (e.g. ISPA [The Instrument for Structural Policies for Preaccession] – Environment) that would lead to a better administration of waste materials associated with these activities (e.g. recycling in the economic circuit or the easy reint...

One of technologies that can be used to increase profitability in the development of high cost off-shore operations as well as marginal or partially depleted reservoirs is so called intelligent completion. That implies such completion systems that allows monitoring, control and change of relevant data through production, by the use of remotely controlled and operated systems. Essence of the system is such way of completion that allows change of space and hydrocarbons flow conditions from the layer to the surface, ...

As a growing trend in the world, internet-based remote education both in governmental and private education institutes is getting popular in Turkey as it is to be all over the world. Internet-based education models give learners the chance to interact with the system. The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between personality and internet addiction of the students of Vocational school in a few of private University in Istanbul, Turkey. There is a significant correlation between the student’ pers...

Bathymetric mapping is the first step in any underwater and sea bed investigation, especially for petroleum exploration. In most we face with a complex of sand and gravel covering the bottom of the sea. Differentiate these two type of seafloor covering material is the case of many research in offshore exploration. In this article We investigated a practical case history to define and show the differences of sand and gravel in their images. The images were obtained by the Yellow-Fin side scan sonar instrument and p...

The paper present some result obtained by the authors in the research activity developed in the creation of a methodology to solve the environmental problems. The results presented in this paper are part of the soil moisture preservation and soil compaction prevention method, which is including in the methodology. The method is based on the soil moisture and compaction prediction in a certain geographic zone. The prediction is based on the maps of soil moisture and compaction, which is obtained starting of the GPS...

The use of non-explosive demolition compounds has been extended within recent years to mining of building materials, as well as for the demolition of buildings and concrete structures in urban conditions. This environmentally friendly method has not been used in action for underground mining. The paper presents the outcomes of the research aimed at the elaboration of a new technology for underground mining of hard ores based on the use of demolition method as an alternative to the explosive one. A new compound of ...

With developing industries particularly dying industries and complication in the structure of dye molecules and resulting wastewaters from these plants cause a serious threat to the environment (due to resistance to biological treatment). The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of coupled system (UV/ZnO+SnO2) in the removal of acid yellow 23 (AY23) a mono-azo dye from aqueous solutions. In these experiments ZnO and SnO2 were employed in a single and coupled form in slurry conditions and the optimum...

Surface and ground waters are used for potable water supply. Some of they contain iron and manganese. The presence of these impurities in natural waters is undesirable due to their tendency to oxidize and precipitate under a variety of conditions, causing both aesthetic and treatment water problems. The possibility to use zeolite for iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) removal in low concentrations from water is examined in this paper. Ion-exchange process to the maximum allowable limits of 0.3 mg/L for iron and 0.05 mg/...

Coal is an important energy resource in world. Coal mine exploitation with nonmechanized methods, need expert labors and with out them, mining process will be deranged so the labors and their safety is really important. In many industrial countries the accidents are the most important cause of person’s death. According to I.L.O (International Labor Organization) reports 120,000,000 accidents occur per year and 210,000 people die in these accidents. It means more than 500 people per day. In order to decreasing th...

The authors intent to give a compact overview in this article of the hydrological and hydrogeological circumstances of dump bodies in the western part of the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin and their changing in the area of interest from the beginning of mining activity till now. There are morphologically important dump bodies of Prunerov, Merkur and Brezno in the area of interest. Some significant surface watercourses had to be relocated in the past at the same time as the dump bodies were being built and brown c...

Rural area of Croatia covers 90\% of land in Croatia, and there 47\% of total population living in it. These are mostly poorly developed areas in Croatia, and they are being expanded all the time, which causes the emigration of population. In order to trigger the development of rural areas, some measures are planned, among other things the land consolidation that might increase the economic efficiency of family farms, and hence, prevent the emigration of population from villages. Namely, small family farms being l...

In this research, it is aimed to determine which individual and environmental characteristics affecting training. Instead of both types of evaluation models, to be proactive, the evaluation of training mentioned in this research is focused on how training affects individuals. To this end, in this thesis the factors affecting to the training effectiveness were examined in regard of trainee perspectives. According to the research results, it is revealed that mostly related to the training effectiveness are respectiv...

Recent data demonstrate a significant capacity of mushrooms to retain the pollutants from soil, so being realised the mycoremediation of soil. Nitrogen oxides are major atmospheric pollutants. The main oxides, nitrogen monoxide and dioxide, penetrated in human body cause important toxic effects: methaemoglobinemia, haemolysis, vasodilatation and even cancerogenesis. The accumulation of these oxides in mushrooms, as nitrites and nitrates, is dependent on: species, environmental conditions and chemical composition o...

Modern technology in the production of geodetic instruments and accessories needed for measuring basic quantities (distance and angle) has reached high level. In the filed of geometric levelling, colour layers are put on invar tapes very precisely with measuring uncertainty of 10–50 $\mu$m. These tapes present working scale on invar levelling staves. Using modern precise level (optical of digital) one can read the smallest detail on invar levelling staff with measuring uncertainty of 0.01 mm. Hence, it is obviou...

The separated waste collection is one of the most important parts of the integrated waste management system of municipal wastes. Within the waste management logistics, the attention is concentrated on collection and transport of separated waste deriving from municipal wastes and also on proposing methods of data necessary for collection and transport optimalization. At the proposal of the general usage systematic techniques for valuating transport efficiency of separated wastes, only actual and verified data were ...

Since long term production scheduling deals with movement of ore and waste during the life of a mine, it has a significant effect on the cash flow of a mining operation. Therefore, mine planners often seek to optimize the production schedule with respect to a given criterion. The most commonly used criterion in long term scheduling optimization is to maximize net present value (NPV). The process involves sequencing of ore blocks or parcels to be mined in each period over the life of the mine subject to precedence ...

In the detailed exploration and reserve estimation, with separating the alteration (as the controller of the grade) in ore reserve and estimating the reserve in each alteration, the estimation variance will decrease and the accuracy of the estimation will increase. In the other hand without any additional drilling, it is also possible to decrease the estimation variance by lowering the sill of variograms. In this method, we have categorized the data into different lithologies and different alterations such as skar...

The purpose of this article is to present methods and software tools to ensure an optimal decision process for controlling the greenhouse climate. The efficiency of plant production in greenhouses depends significantly on the adjustment of optimal climate growth conditions to achieve high yield at low expense, good quality and low environmental load. To achieve these goals several components (temperature, air humidity and CO2 concentration) must be controlled optimally given certain criteria through heating, venti...

One of the most difficult challenges is to produce intelligent, actionable information on operational performance, resources, and reserves when the supporting data is scattered across the mine operation or even geographically dispersed. The problem is that traditional approaches to using data in the mining industry is not capable of delivering the right information to the right people, at the right time, and in the form they need. A number of external forces, however, are exerting pressure on mining companies toda...

The Estonian kukersite is the largest oil shale resource in the world used industrially today. The majority of mined oil shale is utilized for electricity and heat production. About 20\% of all of the oil shale extracted annually is used for retorting shale-oil and shale-gas, after which large amount of environmentally hazardous solid retort residue – semi-coke is left over. Production of 1 tonne of shale-oil is accompanied by almost 3 tonnes of semi-coke waste. During more than 80 years of operation over 110 mi...

Continually and impressive amplification of internet technologies development and implementation enables the creation of productive, efficient, rich useful and interactive web applications. The contribution briefly characterizes a SOA (Service Oriented Architecture), WS (Web Service) and AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript And XML). The paper illustrates advantages of AJAX and WS integration on application example for interactive selection of one or more minerals according to actual chosen selection criteria. The applic...

The comparison of different types of line and boundary detectors is made. The appropriate modifications of procedures for processing of grey level or binary images are analysed. The accuracy and quality of contours generated from images with different resolution are estimated. Different procedures for line following and contour interpolation for structural description of vector information obtained from digital images are compared. The properties of these procedures are encountered and the criteria for choice of t...

The aim of this study is to elucidate the neotectonic characteristics of the \cCavuЕџcug\"ol graben. The Cavuscugol graben is 3-8 km wide 28 km long. It is a N-S trending actively evolving extensional structure containing infills of fluvial sediments of Pliocene- Quaternary age. The Cavuscugol graben is bounded on both sides by oblique-slip normal faults. These faults trend N-S and named as IlgД±n Fault on the west and Tekeler Fault on the east. The footwall side of the faults are composed of the pre-Late Cretaceo...

NAVITEQ establishes the first nationwide GNSS network in Bulgaria. It is a private project that offers an inexpensive way of precise positioning by transmitting correction data. The main purpose is to provide services to GNSS users that need centimeter and sub-centimeter accuracy. NAVITEQ provides three types of services called Naviteq Post Processing, Naviteq VRS and Naviteq PreciseRTK. There is another service in real time mode that is under development. The NAVITEQ reference stations positions are determined in...

Performing a numerical analysis of water well drilling sector of Turkey was aimed in this study. Within this purpose, number of the machinery in equipment pool of the institutions and companies which are involved in the water well drilling, yearly drilling quantities, drilling equipment preferences and geological data of 2640 water well drilling boreholes opened in 73 provinces between the years of 1998 – 2006 and the results below have been reached: The Municipalities in Turkey meet 95 \% of their drinking wate...

Stress intensity factor is the one of most important parameters in rock fracture mechanics. In practice, this factor is commonly calculated by various numerical techniques such as finite element and boundary element methods. These methods encounter mesh-related difficulties in dealing with fracture mechanics problems. In this paper the Element Free Galerkin method based on the linear elastic fracture mechanics was used to determine tension-mode stress intensity factor in jointed rock medium using stress extrapolat...

Total variation (TV) minimization represents an example of a class of recently introduced image processing techniques that use partial differential equations. Total variation has been shown to be very successful in many image processing applications. The reason for using TV is that it has been shown to suppress noise effectively while capturing sharp edges. The aim of the study is to present some numerical results for the image reconstruction process by using a computational algorithm which incorporates the TV reg...

Stara Zagora is one of the biggest towns in Bulgaria located in the middle of the country. In the summer of 2004 two very high level SO2 pollution events happened there, leading to serious discontent among the population. Analogous events happened in 2005, too. An attempt for numerical study of one of these episodes – from 8 to 11 of July 2005 is the subject of the present paper. The Models-3 system was applied for simulation and analysis of the episode with a sequential downscaling to a horizontal resolution of...

Approximately 110x106 m3 of oil (100x106 tons) had been recovered from 38 fields in the Croatian part of the Pannonian basin during more than 60 years of exploitation (1941-2003). Based on their cumulative production, number of reservoirs, average porosity and permeability, obtained recovery and depositional characteristics of reservoir rocks, the Croatian hydrocarbon fields may be divided into three groups (oil), or four groups (gas) (Table 1, 2). In the period 1941-1990 the production started in 38 fields, 13 of...

This study aims to ensure the offshore pipeline under offshore vortex shedding analysis. Optimizations process depending on the iterative procedures requires an analysis considering each of extreme condition on the internal and external pipe flow. The stabilization of the offshore pipeline on sea bottom exposed to wind-generated wave and uniform-steady current action is achieved by utilized artificial concrete weights and sliding resistance between pipe and soil. Additionally, the vortex shedding induced dynamical...

Analytical model of the stress-deformed state of the rock mass in production mining is proposed. In comparison with conventional ones, the model takes into account the depth of coal extraction, thickness seam and the existence of the total zone of mining subsidence displacement. As is shown by calculations, effect of said factors results in complete reconsideration of the stress-strain state pattern of the rock mass and may serve as the basis for the development of mining subsidence displacement theory.