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Alkaline basaltic tuffs, BT, from southern Turkey were characterized and used to obtain cheap sintered glass-ceramic and ceramic materials. The chemical and mineralogical compositions were analyzed by fluourescene spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analyses, respectively. The phase formations were studied by DTA, while the sintering behavior – by differentional dilatometer. The structure of the sintered samples was evaluated by pycnometric techniques and observed by SEM. Due to its high porosity and low crystall...

In this study, natural radioactivity removal methods have been compared for present drinking water supplies (privately owned wells or small water works) which have radioactivity values higher than determined standards (WHO \& EPA standards). There are several methods known to remove radioactivity from water such as aeration to remove “Rn222”, adsorption by granular activated carbon (GAC) to remove “Uranium”, ion exchange methods (IX) to remove “Ra266 and Ra288”, reverse osmosis (RO) to remove “Gross ...

There are two methods fixed and real-time assignment for improving the performance of transportation through truck- shovel system in open pit mines. The real-time assignment (RTA) method is a better manner for optimization process of transportation system in open pit mines, especially in the complex transportation systems. The most significant objective of the RTA method is, introducing a transportation system which cause to increasing production per time and decreasing cost per ton. In this study, a software base...

In current paper the purposes of an environmental assessment are described and the method, through which the “Impacting Factors” and “Environmental Components” are determined, is also outlined. Then, according to the definition, possible scenarios, and matrixes of weighting factors, the algorithm which shows the relation between Impacting Factors and Environmental Components is determined. Furthermore, the derivation of matrixes and the method of environmental assessment are described. In order to compare ...

The Normalized Full Gradient (NFG) method was introduced in the mid of 1960s. This method generally uses for interpretation potential field data in order to detect gravity and magnetic anomalies. The NFG value represents the full gradient of the magnetic anomaly at a point divided by the average of the full gradient at the datum. The closed maxima on a NFG map indicate the occurrence and the horizontal locations of the centers of magnetic anomalies related to iron deposits. By means of this map, we can select bore...

The leaching conditions of galena (PbS) concentrate in nitric acid (HNO3) medium containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were investigated in this study. Effects of stirring speed in the range of 0 to 600 rpm, nitric acid concentration in the range of 0.1 to 2.0 M, hydrogen peroxide concentration in the range of 0.25 to 2.0 M, leaching temperature in the range of 23 to 60В°C, particle size range of -212 +106, -106 +75, -75 +45 $\mu$m on lead dissolution were investigated. According to obtained results, it was determin...

Noise is an important factor affecting human health psychologically due to lack of performance, hearing failures, decreases in heart beats, physiologically due to higher brain liquid pressure and sociologically due to lack of communication. Especially in closed working areas, it has significant negative effects on the performance. Noise control in closed working areas is generally done with boron added cellulosic mixture sprayed on the structure or surfaces with required thicknesses. In this study, noise was gener...

Determination of mechanical parameters of rock materials and using them as an input data-base are important in rock engineering design studies. The standard test procedures to determine mechanical parameters of rocks have been developed and they have been applied for up to 40 years. But these tests require special samples and after preparation, the samples are tested by giving damage to them. The electrical conductivity method has been used to determine porosity, fault or discontinuity in rock mass without giving ...

WATER-MAP is a 2-year project funded under the Community Initiative INTERREG III B ARCHIMED and implemented by nine partners from six countries (Greece, Italy, Malta, Cyprus, Turkey, and Palestinian Authority). The project looks at the topic of integrated groundwater resources management. The aim is to provide scientifically reliable information to the local authorities in order to develop optimal spatial development strategies. Within the framework of the project, vulnerability maps are generated in order to dete...

In this paper a combined (hybrid) model of fix and flexible with its software were presented. In the model, initially the trucks assignment operation using the fix approach was done and in the end of trucks operation cycle in the flexible method, trucks dispatching method was started. Results of fix assignment method implementation in each transportation scheduling period were used in the mentioned software and finally the fitness and most suitable shovel and truck combined system for the real-time assignment was ...

The microalgae from a genus Pseudo-nitzschia are constantly presented in the plankton at the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. They are described as potential toxic and their monitoring is significant for the Black Sea’s ecosystem, fishing development and aquacultures. Aspects such as distribution density, biomass and bloom’s forming from this group of algae are explored in this article. Since 1996 to 2005, one great blooming of P.delicatissima is observed and the rest are below 5 000 x 103 cells/l. The frequencies a...

Since 2000 in Bulgaria have been installed and put into operation two DGPS beacons. Preliminary site selection and equipment delivery procedures for a new station of the same type have been started recently. Each of the two existing and one planned stations serve specific activities: marine and inland water way navigation and exploration, land navigation, positioning, targeting, etc. Though built with different purposes and missing a common network concept, these stations provide differential correction coverage o...

One of the deepest excavations in Sofia history are related to Sofia Metro Expansion project, in the section between the future Metro Stations 8 (Sofia University) and 9 (Vasil Levsky Stadium). In this section the metro tunnels are being driven with the help of a tunnel boring machine delivered by the Japanese company “Taisei Corporation”. One of the deepest locations is nearby Vasil Levsky Stadium where the ventilation shaft is situated. According to the design, the depth of the ventilation shaft is 21 m. The...

This paper presents a study for leaching kinetics of chalcopyrite concentrate in acidic potassium dichromate solution. For this purpose effects of stirring speed in the range of 100-400 rpm, sulphuric acid (H2SO4) concentration in the range of 0.1-0.5 M, potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) concentration in the range of 0.02-0.1 M, leaching temperature in the range of 20-90В°C, particle size fractions of 212x106, 106x75, 74x45, 45x38 and minus 38 $\mu$m and solid/liquid ratio in the range of 10-200 g/L on copper dissolu...

On 22.12.2005 the General Assembly of the United Nations Organization unanimously decided to proclaim the year 2008 as International Year of the Planet Earth. UNESCO and the International Union of Geosciences decided to develop the programmes within a Trienium of Geosciences 2007- 2009. Thus, the United Nations acknowledge the special role that geosciences may and should play in establishing a better world, their huge potential being utilized in a more rational manner for the benefit of humanity and its sustainabl...

Each employee has a unique potential, which need to be stimulated due to be most productive. Education is an important factor for this stimulation. Only well educated employees are real competitive advantage for the company. In the year 2006 we have realized research study of educational needs of tourism organization in KoС™ice region. We tried to identify factors, which are necessary for the real development of tourism. In the study we have found areas, in which human resources needs to be strengthened. The follo...

The Siah Bishe Pumped Storage Dam is located in the northern part of the Alborz mountain range. The investigation results and the effect of brittle deformation of two fault sets in the left pressure shaft of Siah Bisheh Dam are discussed in this paper. The shaft is arranged in sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Triasic and Jurasic ages. The length of the shaft is 450m and its diameter is 6m with 65 degree inclination relatively south-north trend. The results of geo-engineering surveys using boreholes and statistica...

This paper describes removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions using NaOH modified pine barks (Pinus nigra). Chemical modification and its enhancement effect on adsorption capacity for heavy metal treatment process have been investigated in this article. Changes of the surface properties after modification were examined by the FT-IR analysis. Maximum adsorption capacity was 49 mg/g at pH 8 and during about 180 min contact time (for 35 mg/L initial concentration with 2.5 g/L solid-to-liquid ratio) These modific...

Under similar conditions, surface mining is generally regarded to be more advantageous than underground mining. In the selection between surface and underground exploitation methods, there are a number of most significant factors must be briefly studied and determined. In this study, these factors were extensively studied and then considering effect of these factors on surface and underground mining, a comparison was done.

In the course of years in the engineering practice are formed mathematical procedures which are marked as “engineering calculations”. We will characterize the engineering calculations with the following specific features: • the engineering calculations are pointedly pragmatic; • the engineering calculations are based on working formulas; • the results are approximate; • the engineering calculations are developed by experts and should be applied by experts.

The importance of a high literacy consciousness in the development of societies is a known fact. Scientific literacy is the fundamental criterion to catch the era in social, scientific and technological fields. Science, Technology and Society (STS) literacy level and the sensitivity of the natural environment protection is crucial in the economic and technologic development of countries. For this reason, the developed countries applied STS literacy to all layers of the societies. The developing countries have to p...

To implement large-scale multiagent systems (MAS) in the paper is proposed a new system design methodology towards environment-centered design. The interaction of blocks that compound the structure of multiagent system for environment processes is described. These links consist in system simulation, where agents and human-controlled units coexist in virtual space to jointly perform simulations and augmented experiment. As an application of environment-centered design, environment embedded agents for a large-scale ...

In the long term, there are no alternatives to an environmentally compatible mode of production and consumption. Global warming, the loss (depletion) of stratospheric ozone and tropical forests, marine pollution and soil erosion, world-wide air pollution and the world-wide loss of biodiversity can no longer be denied. Only if every individual adapts his or her activities to the limits of our environment, can the targets presented here be achieved. In the debate on consumption patterns in industrialized societies i...

Peak particle velocity is the most important criterion for analyzing dangers resulted from ground vibration. According to the investigations, this parameter can independently indicate the possible damage and is proportional to it. Up to now, investigators have proposed many different formulas to calculate this parameter, but none of them are applicable for all areas and based upon regional conditions such as geological, technical, geotechnical, rock mechanical and so on, only one of these equations can be adopted....

The problem of recycling worn car tires is ecologically and economically important. Worn-off tires are a source of long-term environmental pollution. Tires subject to no biological decomposition, they are inflammable and being ignited 1 ton of tires releases in the atmosphere 270 kg of carbon black and 45 kg of toxic gases. At the same time, they contain valuable raw materials such as rubber resin and metal. The most optimum of all known tire-recycling methods is low-temperature pyrolysis that provides complete re...

The economical investigation is one of the most important stages in the mine planning, as it can be a useful guide in the mine exploitation. The iron ore district of Gol-E-Gohar (GEG) is located about 60 km south-west of the city of Sirjan, in the Kerman Province of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Six anomalies are known and for about 10 years, Area 1 ore is mined and processed for the recovery of a dry as well as a wet concentrate. The proven reserves of Area 1 were about 265 million tonnes, whereas near to 100 mil...

Fluid inclusion application in epithermal gold exploration is based on the fluid inclusion characteristic and its relation to the mineralization. These characteristics include the type of fluid inclusions and different fluctuations in their micro thermometry measurement and chemical composition. In this regard, based on the micro thermometry measurements, the fluid inclusions in epithermal gold systems have the homogenization temperatures between 100-300 ВєC and the salinity of 5\% NaCl equiv. in average. Within t...

Coastal zones are exposed to many dynamic processes that usually cause changes on long and short time spans. Erosion, sediment transport, environmental pollution and coastal development are among the most severe processes impacting the coastal zones. Monitoring of shoreline change needs a long-term commitment and objective decisions on shoreline change are usually made based on shoreline and erosion monitoring data that are usually acquired cumulatively over a long period of time. The purpose of the present work i...

Multivariate statistics analysis is one of the base stages in geochemical data processing. In this branch of mathematics, “Hierarchical Clustering Analysis” applied to identify the relations between the variables such as elements and samples. Hence, different types of mineralization would define. However, any missing or errors in entrance the data make a wrong or not clear result. Sometimes misinformation or data errors appear because of analytical errors, missing some information, or problems in sam pling or ...

Introduction of the GIS in geology in Slovakia has carried forward dearly during few past years, but even though, in many cases there are not used all analytical possibilities of the GIS and the works are concentred on a basic modelling of the geological phenomenon and its presentation in a paper form. That’s probably the reason why the costs spent for implementation of the GIS in geology are considered as a less effective or a lossy. Pay back period, as short as possible, is possible to achieve only by a comple...

Sungun Porphyry Copper deposit is located 75 kilometers northwest of Ahar and 130 kilometers northwest of Tabriz. In order to model the deposit and estimate its reserve, 31068 input data gained from 152 boreholes were used. Cu grade was selected as the major regional variable on which the present research has focused. All of the available data were changed to 12.5-meter composites so that statistical equalization could be reached. Studies indicated that Cu input data had single - population characteristics. To car...

Water is the key Element in social and economic development of the country, which is becoming a scares resource due to over-increasing demands of the growing population, Agriculture, Hydropower and Industrial Users. Site selection of industries in the river side, usually affect on the monitoring program. Thus the monitoring of the rivers for the effective management and planning in the water section has become most predominant aspect and need to pay attention to the best program for industries location. Haraz is a...

Gold mining is attracting increasing attention in many countries of the world, although it has a major impact on the environment. Large quantities of hazardous chemicals such as mercury or sodium cyanide are consumed to recover gold from its ores. Therefore, this activity should be carefully regulated by means of global directives based on an up-to-date knowledge of ecotoxicity principles and modern environmental standards. In light of recent developments in world gold mining, Turkiye has caught the attention of f...

Gold mining is attracting increasing attention in many countries of the world, although it has a major impact on the environment. Large quantities of hazardous chemicals such as mercury or sodium cyanide are consumed to recover gold from its ores. Therefore, this activity should be carefully regulated by means of global directives based on an up-to-date knowledge of ecotoxicity principles and modern environmental standards. In light of recent developments in world gold mining, T\"urkiye has caught the attention of...

The technical specifications defined from instrumentation owners of suitable for remote access expensive equipment in Earth Sciences domain are presented. The database containing all mentioned above structured information is created and used as analytical tool in this investigation. The user community requirements in several different domains for application of remote access are evaluated and analysed. This work is one of the main parts of RINGrid project (Remote Instrumentation in Next-generation Grids) under the...

Heavy metal pollution is very important problem in waste water pollution around industrial area. Cupper has been used in many industries with civilisation period and a lot of water sources were contaminated by dissolved component of cupper metal. It has incredible effect on the micro-organisms and also other living organisms in water environment. For this reason, copper content of industrial wastewater must be decreased to the limits given in the international regulations. There are many methods may be used for he...

The analysis of the practical applications of the findings of the preliminary tests for the effectiveness of the disinfection treatments with high-frequency cold plasma conducted on samples collected from patrimony items and reference materials of organic nature has shown that the microbiological investigations confirm the biocide action of the HF plasma in fighting bacteria (after 45 minutes in the samples of icon wood and natural silk, 60 minutes in the cotton samples, 90 minutes in the archaeological wood and l...

This report describes the morphogenesis of the cyathium in two subspecies of Euphorbia myrsinites L. occurring in the flora of Romania related to the vascular transition. Our histo-anatomical researches established the origin of the vascular system in the different parts of the cyathium (involucre, nectary glands, monostaminate male flowers and female flower).

Our investigations have focused on observations concerning the horse-chesnut’s (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) leaves in various phenophases, the state of the leaf surfaces and histo-anatomical changes of the leaves under the influence of the atmosphere pollutants (sulphur dioxide, chlorine, ammoniac, lime or cement powders). The histo-anatomical changes induced by the gaseous and solid atmosphere pollutants on the lamina have been observed in protecting tissues, assimilator tissues (the palisade and the spongy tiss...

The long-going petroleum exploitation in the Section Cocu determined the increase of chloride concentrations in groundwater. The aquifer system in this area comprises four aquifers, with different extensions, separated by semipervious units. The third and the fourth aquifer are more extended. The third aquifer is in direct relationship with potential pollution sources, such as oil wells and oil pipelines and it is drained by the River Cotmeana. Several monitoring wells were drilled for the purpose of this study, p...

The article describes electrolytic waste water treatment methods which were applied for industrial waste water treatment, particularly from energy industry, leaking mining waste waters, color waters from different industries and for municipal waste waters.

In this paper it has been assessed the current situation of the old vestige material deposits created during the Pb-Zn concentrate production process. Flotations of Stant\"erg, Kishnica and Albanik, have exposed those vestige materials in the open surface field and are treated as main source of the air contamination in Mitrovica and surroundings, Kizhnica and Albanik. The results which make powerful the opinion that application of the hydro filling method of exploitation in all Trepca mines are shown as well, sinc...

This paper has been accomplished in the framework of Diminish Project (LIFE03 ENV/ RO/000539) within the Life Environment Program. In accord with the Water Framework Directive the nutrient management is a decisive factor for increase the water quality. In this respect the Diminish on-line system, based on GIS database and modeling approach and using Open-GIS technology, allows diminishing uncertainties related to basin management. The Bistrita River (283 km length, 7039 km2) had proven to be specifically sensitive...

The Chahargonbad area is located in southern part of the central Iranian volcano–sedimentary belt, in Kerman province. The intrusion of several intrusives bodies such as granodiorite, monzonite, diorite, granite and quartz diorite in the volcanic sedimentary sequence have given rise to an intense and vast alteration and copper mineralization in the southern part of this belt different image processing techniques such as color composites, image filtering, band ratioing and principal component analysis have been a...

The photodegradation of Acid Yellow 23 a model compound from monoazo textile dyes was investigated using TiO2, SnO2 and TiO2+SnO2 suspension as photocatalysts at different gap sizes. The results showed that the coupled particles were not much different from single TiO2 system at the gap size of 4.5 cm in a batch reactor. But the coupled system was more effective when the gap size was reduced to 2.5 cm. A complete decolorization occurs at the gap size of 1.1 cm after 20 min of irradiation while 90\% decolorization ...

Methane drainage and utilization can be a profitable activity for gassy underground coal mines, also it protects our environment by decreasing “greenhouse” gases. One of the key parameters for methane drainage is permeability of coal. The flow of gas and water through coal samples was studied to investigate its permeability to methane and water. A relationship was found between the coal permeability to methane, and its permeability to water. As the measurements of permeability should be in-situ representative,...

This case study presented herein compares the landslide susceptibility mapping methods of frequency ratio (FR), logistic regression and artificial neural networks (ANN) applied in the Kat county (Tokat-Turkey). Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was first constructed using a GIS software. Parameter maps affecting the slope stability such as; geology, faults, drainage system, topographical elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, topographic wetness index (TWI) and stream power index (SPI) were then produced from DEM of th...

In this paper, we investigate the the lateral displacement of a Gaussian beam by a conductive thin slab is investigated. A description of the Gaussian beam and a lateral displacement of Gaussian beam at a conductive thin slab is given. We construct a plane wave representation of a Gaussian beam incident upon a homogeneous, lossless, isotropic conductive slab. The waves inside and outside the slab are solved analitically by matching the conductive boundary conditions at the interface. Numerical results including th...

The main purpose of this work was to analyze possibilities for application of lignite byproducts- fly ash from Kosova Power Plants in other industry branches and for filling of old underground mines and see the positive impact in environmental protection. The Kosova lignite-fired power generation industry produces millions tones of fly ash each year. Only small amount of this fly ash is used, with most being considered a waste. This waste must be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable way at a cost which is ...

As we have already approached the 21st Century, there is a growing need for management and utilization of natural resources for its optimal beneficial use with the concurrent technologies. The demands for the fresh water are increasing rapidly requiring holistic management of fresh water as a finite and vulnerable source.. Thus knowledge about water quality of the rivers for the effective management has become most interest aspect. Haraz is a basic river in northern Iran that flows northward from foot of Mount Dam...