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The assessment of explosion-protected electrical equipment is based on the requirements of the ATEX 2014/34 / EU Directive and is made through tests and verifications carried out according to harmonized standards (of the EN 60079 series). For the type of protection flameproof enclosure, the EN 60079-0 (for general requirements) and the standard for the type of protection flameproof enclosure (EN 60079-1) are used. A breathing device is defined as a device which permits an exchange between the atmosphere within an ...

Observations were made on the apple fruit tree orchards belonging to S.A. Loturi Service S.R.L. Delesti, Vaslui County, during the period 2017-2018 from May to August. For this, observations were made periodically on the field, and samples were also collected using soil traps type Barber, which were then analyzed in the laboratory. Barber traps were represented by 6 pots with a total volume of 600 ml, in which we used as a preservative liquid a salt solution with 4% concentration and these traps were placed at gro...

One of the most abundant renewable resources with a great potential as raw materials for production of fuels and bulk chemicals are carbohydrates derived from biomass. Among these, esters levulinates have been widely used as solvents and plasticizers in food industry or as fuels additives for transportation. The direct synthesis of methyl levulinate from fructose over solid superacid SO42?/TiO2-La2O3 catalyst was investigated in this study. The influence of different reaction parameters such as reaction temperatur...

The Polish Cu-Ag deposits on the Fore-Sudetic Monocline are characterized by the occurrence of sedimentary structures called the elevations of the Weissligend top. These are elongated forms in the shape of sandy shafts whose occurrence affects the change in the value of deposit parameters (including reduction of the shale series's thickness). In the Lubin deposit, these elevations are the least well-known among all such structures in the entire Lubin-Glogow Copper District (LGCD). The basic material of the study w...

This paper examines changing environment of natural gas market with focus on Europe. It discusses the supply demand balance suggesting that developments in recent years will likely lead to higher natural gas prices and the need for new infrastructure in order to provide energy security at affordable prices. Last decade has seen significant fluctuations in prices of natural gas globally. In middle of 2018 market signal indicates that prices have bottomed out in the first half of 2016 and now they are on upward traj...

This scheme is based on the idea that the stratigraphic limits of this time interval (251 ma) correspond to the temporal positions of a large number of distinct dynamic moments (change of meaning of the radial motions) linked with two cycles: Valach climatic cycle (VhCCy ? 4.1 ma, pulsations of the Solar System) and Raup-Sepkoski cycle (RSCy ? 26.78 ma, pulsations of our galaxy). Many of these moments, often perceived as tectonic phases or as important extinctions, led various global changes which allowed the sepa...

We present developed model for decision support in environmental economics within geo-information management paradigm. We consider socio-economic geographically distributed natural-technical systems and use to manage them the basic principles of environmental economics and geo-information management in accordance with a complex approach that involve the integration of efforts of all sectors: society, government and business. We used Foresight technologies, theory of decision making under uncertainties, geoinformat...

The article presents the possibilities of using post-mining facilities and areas for tourist and geo-education purposes, as well as the specificity and conditions of such ventures, from local initiatives to projects with international renown. Factors deciding about the success of investments using post-mining relics were analyzed, mainly in terms of conditions for the implementation of projects for protection and securing such remnants as well as economic and social results of the project in the long-term perspect...

Anavarza (Anazarvus) ancient city has been established on an area of 143,000 m2 with a castle, stadium, ancient theater, mosaics, bathes, churches, gates of victory, aqueducts and stone graves. It is the largest ancient city in Anatolia. Anavarza City of Antiquity is situated near Dilekkaya village of the Kozan County, and it is approximately 70 kilometres to Adana city centre (Turkey). The history of the Anavarza goes back to 2100 years, and it has became the capital of Cilicia in 408. Archaeological excavations ...

It is recognised on global and European level that organic agriculture is more sustainable and environment friendly production system. Organic agriculture, including food, (hereinafter - agri-food) production shows considerable growth on the global and European Union (EU) level, including Latvia. It has been widely considered by scholars, experts and politicians that organic agri-food production is beneficial for rural development through: enhanced entrepreneur activities; growth of jobs; creation of added value a...

The most important part of any successful program of obtaining stable yields of agricultural crops is the development of effective plant protection products. The use of pesticides and chemical control methods has revolutionized agriculture. Chemical means of protection attracted attention by cheapness, variety of drugs, and most importantly, high efficiency The toxicity of some pesticides did not cause much concern, and only excessive saturation of the environment with pesticides sharply raised the question of lim...

Renewable energy sources, including wood pellets, are increasingly used in the world to reduce CO2 emissions from the production of electrical and thermal energy. One of the largest producers of wood pellets in Europe is located in Latvia; it is a significant exporter of wood pellets on the European scale, exporting approximately 90% of the total quantity produced and supplying the remaining 10% to the domestic market. Even though there are favourable conditions for wood pellet production, industrial consumption o...

The article reveals the types of negative impact on land and soil in the construction of pipelines and discusses the regulatory problems in the field of reclamation of disturbed lands. To this end, the legal acts of Federal legislation, as well as the main regulatory and technical documentation in the field of environmental protection in the construction of trunk pipelines are studied. The main legal conflicts of legal regulation of environmental activities are identified. In particular, the analysis of environmen...

A study conducted over a longer period of time for an architectural heritage building from masonry is presented. The specific features of the asymmetric structural systems, the normative provisions in Romania, the strengthening works possibilities necessary after the action of severe Vrancea earthquakes for these systems and also of structural analysis using instrumental data processing techniques are considered. The results obtained in three stages- before, during and after the strengthening works, from Fourier s...

The article deals with the impact of public recreation on forest communities near sacred sites in the suburban area of the city. The question is actual and is caused by an assessment of influence of forest types of recreation on components of forest biogeocenosis. It is revealed that for this purpose it is necessary to achieve strict observance of the basic ecological and forestry requirements at the organization of forest territories by types of the recreational occupations guaranteeing reliable preservation and ...

In order to fight for a clean environment, different types of action that can be helpful in this situation must be taken. The environment should be taken care of by the governments of individual countries, enterprises and various organizations, but also by ordinary people. The last group is particularly important because people transfer their behavior to their family, children, work, etc. But to know what to do, how to behave to help the environment, people must have an ecological awareness of their actions and li...

Often, accelerated development of business activity in modern world contradicts with environment and thus, ecological condition worsens. The topic is so urgent, that it has acquired a global character and constitutes the significant problem for many country. Mountains of Ajara is one of the demographically loaded region, which has quite developed business environment. Because of its complex relief and high level of precipitation, natural environment is less stable and elemental processes are active (landslide, mud...

In-situ combustion is considered as one of the most effective ways to enhance recovery of heavy crude oils and bitumens. The oxygen from injected air reacts with the heavy components of the crude oil, forming a hot zone in which the cracking and oxidation of the heavy fractions occurs. It is noted that the combustion process essentially depends on the pressure and the nature of the crude oil. Thus detailed study on the effect of the gas phase composition on the processes of crude oil oxidation seems to be relevant...

The presented work deals with the effect of maize and legume planting density within mixed cropping system (MC) on selected indicators of soil quality: (1) microbial carbon content (Cmic); (2) total soil carbon (Ctot) content and (3) total soil nitrogen (Ntot) content. To demonstrate potential effect of different plant density within MC, 4-year field experiment was established in 2017 and will continue until 2020. The field experiment consisted of two MC groups with different plant density of maize (75 000 plants/...

Heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks including heavy and extra-heavy oils produced from oilsands reservoirs have a high viscosity, which cause a big challenge to their productions and pipeline transportations. Techniques to reduce the viscosity at low incremental production cost are desirable. Thermal decompositions of these resources-derived bitumen at temperatures of 250 °C was explored as a prospect strategy for viscosity reduction. In this work, thermal visbreaking experiments were carried out in a stainless-steel 350...

In situ combustion (ISC) method is considered as a relatively inexpensive and effective method for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). It can achieve a very high oil recovery factor due to a significant increase of pressure and temperature during the combustion process of crude oil. Over the last ten years, high pressure differential scanning calorimetry (HP-DSC) has been widely used for understanding the oxidation process of heavy oil. In this paper, HP-DSC experiments were carried out to investigate the alteration of c...

The article deals with the effective reduction of drinking water loss in its distribution in the territory of the model municipality in the Czech Republic. Loss reduction is a long-term process that is one of the cornerstones of the strategy of each operator or owner of the water supply system. Losses of water in water network characterize not only the construction-technical condition of the distribution system in a given agglomeration, but also one of the business cards of the operator or owner of the distributio...

Manure and manure-based composts may contain antibiotics and antibiotic?resistant genes (ARGs). Application of composts on agricultural soils can be a potential risk of the spread of antibiotic resistance. The effect of compost containing ARGs was assessed in a 35?day pot experiment on the following soil characteristics: the level of respiratory activity and microbial biomass, the bacteria?fungi ratio, the content of tetracycline?resistant genes tet(M) and tet(X), and the content of OmpF gene encoding horizontal t...

A sustainable remediation of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons pollution such as chlorobenzenes (CB) based on the use of electro-Fenton as treatment process requires the development of reactor conditions as well as the cost of operations. A combined process coupling an electrochemical and Fenton processes with Pd catalyst in order to degrade CB was investigated with H2O2 production. The electro-Fenton treatment of CB was examined and the processes mechanism was identified for different concentrations of 5-11 mg/L ...

In 20-21 the Century the environment protection is central topic and the countries of Eastern Europe has a large opportunity vs Western European countries but the last one has stronger environment mindfulness. The article researches the basics of EU environment policy and its successes and the Eastern European countries? analyses and conditions what did and what to do in the future to survive and reaches goals. The conditions of soil, water air would be good but the methodology and technology is much more worse th...

In article, we present results of health survey in urbanized industrial areas. Environmental and economic conditions are successfully identified on the base of population? elemental status. Using the open press sources, we established cause-effect relations between micro and macro element consumption (lack or abundance) and public health in North-West Federal District of Russian Federation. We made data capturing and visualization, spatial digital maps presenting element consumption for non-personalized groups as ...

The article deals with the environmental consequences of testing the method of biological remediation of the closed typical municipal solid waste landfill of the administrative district. The essence of the method consists in the introduction of adapted composites from aboriginal, adapted or modified biological systems, primarily microorganisms for catalysis of the decomposition process of the organic component of waste landfills and subsequent separation of valuable recyclable materials. The article presents the r...

In Russia, industrial policy is the strategic effort of the government to encourage the development and growth of the manufacturing sector aimed at making it innovative, internationally competitive and sustainable. New regulatory instruments have been gradually developed and used for 5-7 years; this period is sometimes addressed as ?the national neo-industrialisation?. In advanced industrial countries, environmental modernisation theory is often considered as a possible solution to the key environmental problems. ...

The studied area is the North Dobrogea Orogen, Pricopan Massif. Compared to the other massive from the North Dobrogea, the Pricopan massif has a more rugged relief. The Pricopan massif is mostly a granite plutonic body with a lenticular shape, with the long axis (AL) oriented NNW-SSE and the transverse axis (AT). In the southern part, the Pricopan Massif is made up of diagenized sedimentary rocks, named the "Carapelit series". In the ridge area of the granite sector, there are alternations of peaks and saddles, st...

Green economy, green growth and sustainable development are currently very often used terms. There are many international organizations intensively involved in the field of green growth and sustainable development. Green growth, according to the OECD, is a way how to support economic growth and development, while protecting natural resources, so that we could continue to use the natural resources and environmental services, on which our prosperity depends. One of its aims, especially in developed countries, is gre...

Greening creates those economic consequences that every day are increasingly in demand by the market and are used to improve the efficiency of economic processes. One of the consequences of this policy is the production of environmentally friendly products. The production of such products allows us to solve two problems: making a profit and solving environmental problems. A special accounting system is required to ensure efficient use of resources and increase productivity. Environmental-economic accounting is a s...

In drilling industry constantly arises a need for information on pressure drops in the sections of the well bore flushing system. For that, knowledge on the drilling mud viscosity is required. Drilling muds are mostly belonging to the non-Newtonian liquids, whose viscosity is characterized by the plastic viscosity and the yield point. All existing viscometers are rather complicated and expensive aggregates, poorly meeting requirements of field conditions. In the industry, the Marsh funnel has found wide applicatio...

Extreme floods as severe and unusual events are associated to wide range negative consequences such as: extreme floodplain flooding; crop, household, infrastructure and economy damages; social disturbance, etc. Their negative effects in most cases tend to disaster behavior, thus of especial interest is the problem with possible mitigation and prevention measures obtaining. Parts of them are Natural Water Retention Measures (NWRM) that successfully can complement available grey infrastructure. In help of experts in...

In this study, the depth-averaged flow equations for wind farm simulation on the complex terrain are presented. The equations are derived by integrating the original 3D flow equations over the height of the channel depth. This approach reduces the equations from 3D to 2D and reduces the elapsed time of CFD simulations from hours to minutes. Thus, it is very practicable modelling method in real time design work. 2D CFD simulations with depth-averaged equations are compared with full 3D models for the Lillgrund wind...

In Kazakhstan, more than 20 billion tons of industrial wastes from mining and processing enterprises have accumulated. These tailings are of interest as promising technogenic ore raw materials, significantly expanding the raw material base of the acting or the creation of a new processing industry. We have investigated the mineralogy and technological properties of tailings of the Balkhash enrichment factory, which are accumulated in large quantities. According to the results of studying the chemical composition o...

Microfracturing and rock deformation as effects of tectonic stress generates sounds called acoustic emission. Many reporting on the earthquakes say that first people hear a noise and then they feel the two shocks (P and S waves). How is this possible as long as the speed of sound is less than the P wave speed? This article gives an answer for these question. An earthquake is an effect of high tectonic stress in an area (hypocenter) and the last part of this process is the loss of elasticity of rocks followed by br...

In the oil extraction industry, large quantities of water are processed, which is extracted with the oil and gases from the deposits which is then used in the injection process. Water treatment is required because they contain various impurities that make them unsuitable for disposal in the environment. As these wastewater must be disposed of, the most appropriate way is to treat them and inject them into various underground layers. The most common use of wastewater is found in water injection processes to improve...

Photovoltaics (PV) is a key technology option for realizing a decarbonized power sector and sustainable energy supply and can be deployed in a modular way almost everywhere on this planet. Solar resources across the world are abundant and cannot be monopolised by one country. Regardless of how fast energy prices grow in the future, and the reasons behind these grow, PV and other renewable energies are the only ones offering the stabilization of, or even a reduction in future prices. Kazakhstan has significant rene...

Carbonaceous rocks (bituminous shale, coal, clayey coal, coaly claystone etc.) is an aggregate of heterogeneous materials composed of organic and inorganic substances. The study area is located on the northern boundary of the Cameli-Ac?payam basin (in Southwestern Turkey), filled by thick Neogene sediments comprising local coal/carbonaceous rocks. This study presents geochemical properties of carbonaceous rocks collected from the Yesilyuva town. In this concept, their major and trace element distribution and miner...

Intensive consumption of natural resources has resulted in the irreversible degradation of the Earth?s shell of soil; species biodiversity is reduced at all levels - from genetic diversity within individual populations to species and ecosystems diversity in the biosphere. The preservation and restoration of the soil shell, the main resource of the Earth, is the most urgent and difficult task of civilization, since the soil-vegetation cover, being the life-support environment of man, is at the same time the basis o...

This work is devoted to the study of the prospects of toponymic analysis for historical and geographical reconstructions. Despite of the repeatedly recognized interrelationship between the toponymy of the regions and the historical, ethnic, historical-geological features of the area, the use of toponymic datas for obtaining the missing geographical and geological information for the historical past is not common. On the example of Leningrad, Pskov, and Novgorod regions, located in the north-west of Russia, which h...

A heat pipe is a structurally simple device capable transfer high heat fluxes over relatively long distances. With first heat pipe concept comes Angier March in 1831 as a hermetically sealed tube used to heat transfer in furnaces. If the vapour and liquid phases are separated from each other in heat pipe, then it is a loop thermosyphon. These solution is preferably mainly therefore that the thermal performance of the loop thermosyphon is not limited by the interaction limit (condensate droplets are not entrained b...

The purpose of this paper is to present Romanian history of oil and gas industry, about key achievements and key figures, with impact in oil and gas industry around the world and a possible new management approach. Global energy market is in a continuous change, firstly due to the evolution of the oil barrel, and secondly due to the newly discovered technology and to the population?s education level. Global warming and the concerns of the great governments are some of the coordinates that have had a great impact u...

The Cu-Ag Lubin deposit belongs to the Lubin-Glogow Copper District (LGCD), which is located in south-western Poland. Copper mineralization occurs in three main lithological units: sandstones, shales and carbonates. A characteristic feature of these deposits is the occurrence of elevation and depression of the Weissligend top, which are convex structures in the form of sandy swells that are probably relics of eolian dunes from the Rotliegend period. These zones usually have a significant impact on the quality para...

Disturbed areas show in a most emphatic way the adverse impacts of man's production activity and damage to nature. At the same time, the conflict between economic and environmental considerations is unavoidable. The disturbed area in Bulgaria by 2017 is 104 960 ha. While some of the disturbances in a part of it (abandoned industrial sites and areas) are mostly passive (mainly related to land use change as a consequence of soil sealing), those related to energy and mining/coal mining that are still under operation ...

In the research phase of nuclear materials from the Backa area (NW of Serbia), hydrogeochemical prospecting was applied, which covers an area of about 500 km2. Samples were collected from surface water, from sources and wells, and bores. Combined hydrogeochemical methods included the examination of U, Ra, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mo, Li, Sr; anions HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-; cations Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, as well as the determination of SiO2, Eh, Ep and pH values. Additional testing determined the water content: NO3, F, Br, J, P. Value ...

The identification of fluid contacts (gas-water contact ? GWC, oil-water contact ? OWC and gas-oil contact ? GOC) is essential for field reserve estimates and field development and, also, for detailed formation evaluation. For the accurate calculation of some petrophysical parameters, such as porosity, the reservoir interval has to be zoned by fluid type, to account for differences in fluid saturations and fluid properties (e.g., hydrogen index, density, sonic transit time) in the various intervals: gas cap, oil c...

Water elements represent a significant part of the environment of cultural heritage sites, conservation zones and areas. The environment quality of such water elements is threatened by many impacts, including water pollution, nutrients etc. The article presents results of the phosphorus contamination of selected typical water elements and its systems and the course of the water trophic potential during the year 2017 of the mentioned water elements. Generally, the research tried to answer the question, if it is pos...

The paper presents research results from combusting high-energy solid rocket fuels (propellants) in laboratory rocket motor (LRM). The process of combusting high-energy fuel is characterized by fast chemical reaction, which causes creating a gaseous product with high pressure, which is able to produce a secondary system of fractures in the coal. The value of pressure from combusting propellants can be controlled in a laboratory rocket motor by an appropriate selection of mass of the fuel and the diameter of the no...

An optimal soil density has become an object of more extensive research at the end of the 50's, and the increase of research took place in the recent decade. Authors of these works assumed that traditional cultivation causes too great scarification of soil. Therefore, they performed experiments the aim of which was determination of the impact of soil kneading on plant yields. In the majority of experiments, by means of suitable soil compaction directly after sowing, a significant yield increase was observed, amoun...