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Twenty three (23) waste water samples, seven (7) soil and twenty two (22) plant ones from the region of the “Pernik” Central Preparation Plant (CPP) are a subject of study. A season method of sampling has been used . The water samples have been taken as follows: 1) water coming in the plant for preparation; 2) water, used during the dressing; 3) water used to transport the slime and fly ash; 4) water, running out of the slime storage; 5) water, that is draining. They have been tested by: ICP for Hg, Al, Cd, As...

Major and trace element concentrations were measured in representative fly ash samples from four Power Units of Agios Dimitrios Thermal Power Plant, Northern Greece. Major and trace element concentrations were also measured in the respirable-size fly ash fraction (<10$\mu$m) of the same samples, separated from the bulk fly ash by laboratory treatment. The respirable-size fraction, compared to the bulk fly ash was found richer in CaO and poorer in all other major oxides (SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MnO, MgO, Na2O, K2...

Coal, Oil and Natural gas account for 30\%, 31\% and 2\% respectively of the world’s total energy. In India, coal based energy is the main source of energy and its energy demand is increasing at the rate of 9\% per year. The supply on the other hand is lagging behind. If this trend continuous, it is estimated that by the year 2022, India would be required to spend Rs. 860 billion per year to meet its energy demand. World attention has recently started shifting towards methane, which can be exploited from the coa...

Detailed geological and drilling investigations have shown KayabaЕџД± deposit, located in Trabzon-Turkey, has a resource of 590 000 tons ore containing 2.2\% Cu and 1029 kg Au. The ore body shows the characteristics of both massive- and stockworktype sulfide mineralization. In this study, mineralogical analysis and flotation tests were performed to determine the degree of liberation of sulfides and the optimum grind time for the massive ore samples. Covellite and chalcocite were identified as the main copper miner...

Blasting is not just an “empirical” relation between man (e.g., the blaster) and rock. This particular point of view has been proved to be correct and self-evident, mainly in major Public Works and Construction blasting, where the main part of the site activity often regards rock excavation within urban or sensitive areas. Such a risky and demanding operation should not be “left” only at blasters’ decision and experience. Blasting is considered to embody further scientific knowledge, know-how and technol...

Contemporary approach for mining investments has a strong support in initial investment documentation, which consist of expert studies, pre-feasibility, and feasibility studies. Based on the author’s personal experiences, this paper points to the mean of evaluation of investments in a starting phase, where actual examples of expert and feasibility studies have been applied.

In the present paper a grouting technique was studied in order to protect the buried monuments against the presence of the ground water. Krisis Macedonian Tombs in N. Greece was used as a pilot example for study, given that it is buried in loose sediments where the aquifer overflows their floors. Although the proposed method is expensive, it establishes permanent drainage conditions regarding to pumping. The purpose of this method is to create an impervious shell, which isolates the floor and the walls of the tomb...

In the presented article I deal with one part of the financial managing - capital decision in the conditions of the chosen firm. I will analyse and calculate effectiveness of the developing and most sophisticated capital activity of the firm, which should bring long-term effects, as well as to satisfy proportional development of the firm and to provide stable position on the market.

The degree of heavy metal (+As) water and vegetable contamination due to mining and metallurgical activities in the studied area is evaluated in individual and integral aspects. 267 ground, surface and waste water samples, according to the proposed grid, were investigated for trace elements, 56 of them for 34 elements: Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn, Hg, Be, B, V, Sn, Mo, Se, Ag, Te, Tl, Ti, U, Ca, Li, Mg, Sr, Bi, Ga, In, K, and Na. The analytical work is performed with inductively coupled plas...

The presentation starts with a comparison between North Sea and West Black Sea in respect of maturity of hydrocarbon provinces and exploration efforts. In continuation of the presentation the integrated approach of OMV will be explained, the first reprocessing results of 1992 seismic vintage will be discussed and all planned further steps will be introduced which will lead to hydrocarbon play definition.

This paper provides an overview of the various issues influencing ore dilution in an underground mining. The paper reviews the dilution problem throughout the entire mining process, and provides a rational approach to underground mine design in order to minimize dilution. The stages contributing to dilution include orebody delineation, design and sequencing, stope development, drilling and blasting, and production stages. Vibrations generated by the drillingblasting operations during the ore production could accel...

One of the main subjects of the contemporary project or production/operations management is to make decision. In order to be successful, managers should use modern planning methods. Application of an accepted investment project is as important as its design. As the sources are limited eventually the accepted project which is designed with spending great sources and effort should be completed on time, it is necessary to use them efficiently and cleverly. One of the distinguishing features of contemporary project ma...

This paper summarises the results of the first phase of oil \& gas exploration of the B-Golitza Block. A revised geological framework will be presented, which puts the stratigraphy in a chronostratigraphic scheme, incorporating sequence stratigraphic architecture. Use of a chronostratigraphic framework for exploration of the block has enabled the exploration Play Elements to be identified and both their stratigraphic and aerial distribution to begin to be determined within an integrated methodology that incorporat...

During the last years there is a globalization of the informative treasure of the planet. The informative structures have been combining on social and even continental levels. International informative servers have been created already. Their ability for online usage and administration extremely easy the work of different professional groups. In this connection the geology data has to be qualified as vital and strategic one and respectively the designing of National, Regional Geological servers – for a prime tas...

The environmental problems arisen from ground vibration and air blast have been faced and discussed frequently in various industries such as mining, construction, quarry etc. where blasting operations are unavoidable. So the ground vibration effects induced by blasting on structures and human beings need to be predicted, monitored, and controlled. With the increase of the environmental constraints on the levels of disturbance induced by blasting operations nearby residents, there is also an increasing necessity to...

Many production open-spaces and slopes is occurred during or after both production and overburden stripping in coal open pit mines. Under these different conditions sometimes slope stability problems in pit embakments may occur resulting loss of money. In this article the design principles and range of instability of such embakments are introduced. The purpose of this study is to exhibit the methods of field rehabilitation and measures taking in to consideration against possible slope instability.

In recent years, use of paste backfill has evolved from an experimental backfill method with limited application to a technically viable and economically attractive alternative. This is primarily due to the development of dewatering and transportation systems that allow for controlled and consistent production and delivery of paste in a cost-effective manner. In addition, it has been recognized that underground backfill provides for a mechanism to safely dispose of mine wastes such as tailings, which results in co...

Kolubara opencast mines are the biggest producer of coal in Yugoslavia. Current production is about 26 million ton per year from four mines. Probable reserves are about 2,6 billions, what is 19\% of total coal reserves in Yugoslavia Within coal open-pit mining activities in basin of Kolubara there are about 515 hectares (ha) of soil degraded by waste dumps that require recultivation. The paper gives a review of the areas at each coal mine to undergo recultivation in the forthcoming period. It also presents prepara...

The methodology currently in use that is approved by the Ministry of Environment and Waters in “ Methodological guidance for the scope and content of reports on past contamination damages at privatization” (1998) does not provide opportunity to assess impacts on landscape that are the main geo-ecological damages typical for opencast mining. In the present paper methodological approaches based on theoretical formulations and practical experience adopted both nationally and internationally related to assessment ...

“The Black Sea Coastal Way Rehabilitation Project” which started seven years ago in an attempt to solve the traffic congestion in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey is still going on as planned. The project involves the rehabilitation and shortening of the present motorway and hence the construction of new tunnels and riprap material for filling the sea are required in some places. By the completion of this project, a considerable amount of time spent on highway will be saved and will probably lead to a re...

A real problem of coal transport and storing is discussed. Contemporary technical solutions of coal dust suppression systems with spray for belt conveyors and outdoor discharges or coal stores are analysed. Technical decisions for decreasing of small dust particles concentration bellow the permissible norm are proposed.

Paper has show explorations of negative causes of underground coal gasification impacts to environment. Also is given view on importance of exploration on conquering technology of underground coal gasification in concrete deposit conditions.

The National Agency for Mineral Resources (NAMR) is the competent authority that is responsible on behalf of the Government of Romania to manage Romania’s mineral resources and to enforce the provisions of the Mining Law and related regulation concerning the prospecting, exploration, exploitation and capitalization of mineral resources deposits. NAMR has the obligation to monitoring the application of the measures established with regard to the protection of the soil and subsoil during and after the mining activ...

With the general trend toward larger blasts in mining, ground vibration and air blast problems and complaints have significantly increased. With increasing environmental constraints on the levels of disturbance induced by blasting operations upon nearby residents, there is an increasing need to be able to design cautious blasting with greater precision. Therefore, determination of maximum amount of explosive per delay for a certain distance especially in large blasts is of great importance for the elimination of t...

In the reports are considered the problems of analytical description the processes of geomigration of pollution of underground waters and building up the special system of hydrogeological researches as a part of general system of geoecological monitoring . The basic mathematical models of a filtration and masstransfer are considered and analysed which can be used for exposition of migration of hydrocarbons in underground waters.

This work presents the recognitions for possible costs reduction of waste transport by conveyor system from the open pit “Veliki Krivelj” to the open pit “Bor” by the use of new dumping technology into the working excavation of the open pit “Bor”. Instead of previous used dumping technology connecting with bulldozers, a technology of direct dumping was discussed. The obtain results show that an important costs reduction of waste transport and dumping is possible from 0,1035 \$/t to 0,0655 \$/t by the u...

We have searched and analyzed several modern technologies aiming at the best applications of environmental management, the studying of quarrying – mining as well as the excavation sites – utilization – rehabilitation. We have used long-range reflectorless laser surveying systems, so as to achieve the fastest and most accurate surveying of the extractive work sites. We also used them, in order to collect field data, measure distances, surveying monitoring stations and environmental parameters – data. Furthe...

The basic task of computer tomography for reconstructing the body by its projections for an incomplete set of data is solved by using Radon’s retransformation and subsequent regularisation. The method proposed can be used successfully in geophysics and geotechnology.

Republican unitary enterprise (RUE) PA ”Belaruskaliy” is one of the most largest world producers of potassium fertilizers. Significant volumes of production expect a significant negative influence on the environment. This report has its aim a showing of the forms and methods of participation of mine surveying service of PA ”Belaruskaliy” in realization of program “Ecological politicians of enterprise”.

Mining sector, is closely related to natural environment, is different from other industrial operations. Many production open-spaces and slopes is occurred during or after both production and overburden stripping in coal open pit mines. Geometry of these open-spaces and slopes depend on overburden thickness, gratness of operation area and selected open pit technology. This, use and reclamtion of the area, is very significant for environmental assessment. The alternatives of different use for the area may be desing...

A simple method for determination of bearing strength of weak floor strata in underground mines has been evaluated based on physical modeling approach, with regards to plate loading test conducted on simulated floor strata. This paper presents plate size effect on floor bearing strength of coal measures strata. Plate loading tests were carried out for varying size and shape of footing plates. The analysis was made for model scale footing. The load exerted by the plate on the floor strata was assumed to be uniforml...

The Zlataritsa river is located in the South-western part of Bulgaria and mouths into the Mesta river. The Zlataritsa river passes through Eleshnitsa settlement where mining sites for exploitation and treatment of uranium ore are located. This paper presents the river pollution of uranium and radium as a result of mining activities in the examined region. The data used are for three periods - during the complete productive engagement, during the technical liquidation and after the end of technical liquidation. The...

The Moore-Penrose pseudoinversion method applied in solving systems of linear algebraic equations with incorrectly prescribed data lead to unstable solutions. This makes the method inapplicable in practice. The regularised version of that method is described which can be used as a basis for data processing in all branches of applied earth sciences.

The paper elaborates the risks of underground water contamination in the Slovakian Karst. First the geology of the area is given, then the hydrogeologic background is detailed. A number of measurements were taken in the vicinity of a crude oil pipeline that indicate the high risks of having the pipeline there. Lack of in-built monitoring system in the pipeline may increase the risk. Finally a GIS based monitoring system is proposed.

Decision making can be defined as a selection process of the best one among the alternatives sets in order to obtain goal, and mostly has an uncertain situation. Additionally, mostly linguistic variables (weak rock, massive ore deposit, etc.) become in question. Mine planning engineers often use of their intuition and experiences in decision making. As the fuzzy set theory was carried out since 1970, these uncertainties in question are easily evaluated in decision making process. Real world study is decision makin...

About two decades ago, in the land field of Orisovo village, situated on the west side of the town of Chirpan, by means of probes with depth over 280 to 380m, Eocenic Red Clays with big concentration of iron were found. Their thickness is more than 200 – 250m, and their padding, with depth over 600m is not reached. The base clay mineral is ilit. The process of sedimentation took place in considerably small but deep ancient lake by almost desert climate, in the middle of Eocene.

This article considers the application of selected mineral and chemical means, together with the preparation and supply technical equipment in mines in case of different natural hazards (massif instability, fire, methane or climate specific characteristics). It reviews the options for use of new mineral and chemical means for insulation of the heading walls, for gaps infill for strengthening purposes, for insulation of layer section in the corridors, for consolidation of rock cracks, for isolation of inoperative s...

As the complex ore quality of "Tenka" ore body in Majdanpek is similar to all mineralisations that are morphologically presented as irregular lenses and veins, it is necessary to introduce the technological process optimization applying the automatic control. The optimization conditions of the main operation parameters in grinding, flotating and dewatering are found in the research work in order to obtain the bulk concentrate with more than 53\% (Zn + Pb) and Cu less than 3.0\%. In the grinding process, some optim...

It is known that rhenium is easily accumulated in green leaves and plants, its amount in them exceeding many times its occurrence in the earth’s crust (7x10-8\%). We have established that rhenium is accumulated in the chlorophyll, preferably as Mg(ReO4)2. Laboratory experiments with green geranium (Pelargonium) planted in soil spiked with rhenium (1 mg Re per g of soil) reveal that in the first 7 days after the soil is spiked rhenium content in the leaves is 20 mg g-1 and after 21 days it is increased to 100 mg ...

Numerical modeling of water flow has developed to a standard in surface water and groundwater operations. Modeling of water flow in underground mines requires a special approach due to interlinked cavities. The same principle problem occurs in strongly jointed, inhomogeneous groundwater systems, like karst or jointed systems with a statistically well defined structural pattern. The key to simulate hydraulic processes in such environments is the reduction of model-balance-cells, following the requirements of the fl...

According to the general and scientific, evaluation, the main limited factor of open pit mining development in 21st century will be besides the ecology, the consumption of energy and material in the mineral mining process. The subject matter of this paper is related to a definition of contemporary methods of following-up the energy and material consumption what could be considered as the main scientific - research trend in open pit mining in a sense of total costs reduction and higher productivity.

During last decades a systematic effort is being carried out to assign monetary values on environmental assets. Environmental valuation methods namely the Contingent Valuation, the Travel Cost and the Hedonic Pricing are now well established approaches of benefit assessment. Yet, they have been little applied in relation to mining reclamation schemes. As a result, financial analysis is limited to monetary value derived from construction costs and revenues from commercial utilization of the site, e.g. when the area...

Mining and processing of natural resources is definitely exerting adverse impact upon the waters, soil and free air in the production areas. The hydraulic facilities for settling and decanting of metallurgical tailings, waste rock stockpiles, subsidences and polluted rain waters represent the agents of negative influence. Regretfully, the requisite measures aimed at the surface and sub-surface environment protection are behind time. The after-effect from mining activities will be reminiscent of the wounded nature ...

At present, production activities in Can lignite basin, which is belonging to Turkish Coal Enterprise (TKE) are run for domestic purposes. Apart from domestic and industrial consumption, it is also possible to evaluate the Can Lignite Reserve at power plant for meeting energy demand. The aim of this study consists of production planning, mine design and make mine planning activities more efficient, more economic and minimize environmental problems. Involving in this project, Authors have investigated available dri...

There is no doubt that the energy potential of a country is directly influencing its economic and technological development. The potential of the Republic of Macedonia is based on the Pelagonian and the Kichevo coal basin. However, water resources, participating with 29 percent, have also a significant influence upon the energy balance of the country expending with the construction of new resources. This is even more so, considering that, by the construction of new resources, they have been permanently upgrading, ...

After exhausting of the vein ores of ore zone No 1, the detecting of metasomatic ore beds in the eastern part of Eniovche deposit has prolonged the ore`s life. The analysis of the geologicstructural situation places in the first place lytological and structural factories for localization of the metasomatic ore bodies. The lytological factor is predetermined by the presence of marbles and amphybolites. Its role is additionally increased by the scarn processes , creating much better conditions for metasomatic replac...

As a result of executed examinations a phenomenon of formation of moving broken zones in the tight rocks encompassing by volume experimentally is established that at transiting in rocks of a wave of change of a tension of a mining massif (for example, a wave of the Weber), at the front of longwall there is a fracture of soils stipulated by an operation of tensile stresses.

Deforming processes in areas of geologic failures (tectonic faults, boundary zones of block structures etc.) have the singularities in comparison with those, flowing past on "quiet" sites of rock masses. The intensive assimilation of underground space in most cases reduces in a modification of structural organization of a mining massif. In turn development of new structures or "revival" old is accompanied by adjustments on growing or available faults and is exhibited as strains of a surface and seismic pushes (in ...

Ground vibrations and air blasts are integral part of rock blasting and unavoidable. Depending on level of the stresses produced from wave motion, they cause damage to buildings structures in the nearby residents by causing dynamic stresses that exceed the strength of building material or rock material. So ground vibration effects induced by blasting on building structures and human beings need to be predicted, monitored and controlled. In other words, prediction of ground vibration components is of great importan...