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In open pit mine planning, push back mining sequence is widely used for long-term production planning. These push backs are designed with haul road access and act as a guide during the yearly scheduling process. Therefore, pushback design plays a key role in defining annual cash flows to be generated from a mining operation. In push back design, a series of nested pits is generated and then considered as possible push backs with regard to the minimum push back width requirements. These nested pits are produced by ...

The paper deals with a potential utilization of a laboratory device of a column flotation machine for the flotation of coal. The flotation tests, which were carried out in the laboratory of the Institute of Environmental Engineering at the Faculty of Mining and Geology of V\vSB-TU Ostrava, made use of samples of black coal slurries from Darkov Mine in the Ostrava-Karvin\'a District. The research was aimed to identify optimal condensation of the flotation pulp as well as the most efficient flotation time. The follo...

In our days more and more people focus they attention towards the problems of environment and the living conditions since the Earth is a very rich reservoir of natural resources which ensure life. Around the world people demonstrate for and demand that the substances which destroy the environment shouldn’t be used anymore. It is well known fact that the territory of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reservation is permanently subjected to a large quantity of domestic waste resulting from the activities of exploitation of...

The presented results are from two successive periods of conventional and GPS observations of the crest of Pancharevo dam. The two different kinds of observations are processed separately. The comparison of the final results is shown.

Mine design is dependent upon two categories of data as layout and operations. Layout data are related mainly with the geomechanical and geometrical properties of ore and rock masses. This group of data has an effect to define the geometrical variables of the layout and the operating characteristics of the possible system. Mine design processes suffer mainly from obtaining reliable and adequate data. Operational research methods have been extensively assisted by design engineers to overcome the difficulties relate...

Heavy metals in wastewater are quite important because of being toxic effect for public health. Wastewaters that contain heavy metals are generally caused by industries discharged, either after primary treatment or even no-treatment farmers in Konya use wastewater for irrigation that discharged into canal. This causes soil pollution also decreases plant quality. Heavy metals can reach to humans and animals and causes toxic effects through food-chain. The aim of this study is determining heavy metal accumulation on...

For identification, preliminary selection and mapping of potential sites for regional waste landfills methods are applied, which are based on modern technologies - remote sensing, automated procedures in GIS environment for reduction of selected potential sites on the basis of pre-set categories and criteria as well as computer-aided visual interpretation of vector and raster data from the “CORINE Land Cover 2000 - Bulgaria” project. Office activities are followed by field investigations during which the main qual...

In this study, optimum enriching possibilities of Topraktepe chromite ore were investigated by shaking table. Shaking table tests were carried out using -1000+500, -500+300, -300 +212, 212+106, -75+53, -53+38 $\mu$m particle sizes and 1000 g samples. From the experimental results, the obtained optimum results are as follow: -300+212 $\mu$m particle size, 12 mm shaking stroke, 6o table angle, \% 25 solid ratio, 300 rpm shake frequency.

In the upper part of the Earth´s atmosphere, the ionosphere, the free-electron and ion density is high enough to influence the propagation of electromagnetic waves. The ionosphere is a dispersive medium for the observables of all space geodetic techniques operating in the microwave band and disturbs both, their group and phase velocity. The effect is in first approximation proportional to the so-called Slant Total Electron Content (STEC) along the ray path and can be corrected if the measurements are carried out a...

Jurassic brown coal layers of the Kansk-Achinsk basin are the actual source for thermal power stations of West Siberia. The thick (up to 70 m) coal layers lay almost horizontally. Typical unaltered coal is low in trace elements and has, correspondingly, a low radioactivity. However, coal in the uppermost part of the thick dense layers is most often altered to become friable and acquire unusually high contents of some trace elements including natural radioactive ones. Brown coal samples from open-cut mines and natu...

We present a method for the neutralisation of heavy metals – Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr in contaminated water and soils by binding them into water-insoluble complexes, inabsorbable by plants, which was found to be effective under laboratory and green-house conditions. By introducing multiblock copolyethers (MBPE) and low molecular weight organic chelates (LOC) in water, containing heavy metal ions, they interact stoichiometrically and precipitate, affording water of irrigation quality. Treatment with MBPE and LOC (by singl...

The Saghez shear zone is part of metamorphic belt of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone in northwest Iran that uplifted during continental collision between the Afro-Arabian continent and the Iranian microcontinent. The mine is being exploited by open-pits mining, with present reserves estimated at 3.2gr/t gold. The currently favored genetic model is an example of porphyry system, with mineralization being closely to shear bands and emplacement of granit and pegmatitic veins. Rocks from Sagez shear zone consist of metavolca...

The peculiarity of mass transfer in such environment is that motion between the outer surface of the blocks and their inside develops in time creating delay in the response of the blocks to pressure changes in fractures surrounding them. Analysis of these processes on mathematical models has determined that at a certain combination of the flow kinetic parameters a differentiation of pressure distribution in blocks and large fractures occurred. As a result, in filtering of poorly compressible fluids a pressure disi...

The destructive economic processes in the extraction of minerals and ores, and the global climate change may cause landslide expansion in the area of the abandoned open mines. The landslides are hazardous for the nearby settlements and road infrastructure. The legislative and regulatory documents lag behind the requirements of the practice of protection of sliding terrains along the ridges of the abandoned open mines. In order to solve the problem, the regulations related to landslide protection should be updated ...

The method for exploiting the coal layers by using the crazing and submitting the roofs of the mining works from the underground is an alternative applied on large scale into the brown coal mines from the main coal basin Jiu Valley situated into the S-W of Romania. The technology of individual supporting – by using the open circulation hydraulic props together with the linked metallic bars with blocking bolts and wedges, assume some great physical efforts and the factor of working security is not totally assured. ...

This paper presents several applications involved in the fields of environmental protection and monitoring. The main goal was to obtain optimal solutions of analysis and survey implied in the monitoring of environment processes through the development of integrated systems based on dedicated GUI interfaces, DAQ devices and specific sensors. Geographic information system (GIS) technology can be used for scientific investigations, resource management, and development planning. For example, a GIS might allow emergenc...

This paper presents the geology, reserve estimation and quality assessment of the Sindhali limestone deposit located in allochthonous succession of the eastern Nepal Lesser Himalaya. Geologically, the limestone deposit lies in the Bhainsedobhan Marble of the Bhimphedi Group where the Bhimphedi Group is divided into three formations: the Raduwa Formation, the Bhainsedobhan Marble and the Kalitar Formation from south to north respectively. The study area is further divided into Northern, Central and Southern tectoni...

The need of real publication and distribution of the data from the cadastral systems more emphasized dictate adequate engagement of methodology and algorithms for registration of constrictive components which helps discretization of space phenomena and events. Within the turbulent ideas the cadastral systems which are functionally based on 2D treatment of property units do not have ability to accept and fulfill complex constructive segments and their contacts whit the close surroundings. This is only a part of the...

A method for dam deformation investigation, based on the deformations-theory and on the finite elements method, is proposed. The practical application of the method for a real object – Ognianovo dam is shown. Principles for changing geodetic measurements for dam deformation monitoring in order to provide better results from applying deformation analysis are suggested.

The crushing energy in mineral processing industry is usually determined by experimental Bond’s index regardless mechanical parameters of rocks. Bond’s index is a comminution parameter which was defined by Bond. In this study, with the purpose of correlating the strain energy of rock to the corresponding energy estimated by Bond’s index, cubic Granite specimens are simulated between two rigid jaws and are broken due to movement one of the jaws against the other. The specimens are modeled as elasto-plastic medium a...

In the region of Botanical Garden, BAS, Sofia, gravimetry measurements for research of the landslide processes with static gravimeter LaCoste \& Romberg G1059 are made in two epochs - 2003 and 2005. In the present paper the method of measuring, processing and analysis of the results is presented. Digital models of Bouguer anomaly, direction of gradient on Bouguer anomaly and 3D presentation of surfaces of Bouguer anomaly between two epochs are made. Conclusions about the landslide state are drawn on the basis of t...

The selective bio-solubilization of mineral sulphide deposits has had an upward development lately due to the irreversible depletion of the ore deposits and the accumulation of large quantities of refuse dumps, the process being equally important for the economy and the environment. This paper aims at carrying out a quantitative assay of both the heterotrophic and the sulphur-oxidising bacteria of the Thiobacillus genus found in samples of mine waters collected from the Barza and Valea Morii mining sites in the Ap...

To carry out the geostatistical studies, a spherical model was fitted over an empirical variogram. Plotting the empirical variogram in different directions, and it showed that there are neither geometric nor regional anisotropy. For simulating via Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGS) method, data were transferred to standard normal and then simulated 100 times (in this way 100 realizations were created). All of the realizations were honor to histogram and the variogram, so all realizations are valid. E\_Type and p...

‘Mapex’ JSC is a major geo-informational company in Bulgaria. Its main activities are in the area of geodesy, structural planning and specialized software development, based on GPS technologies. The purpose of this summary is to briefly acquaint the participants in the “6 International Scientific Conference – Modern Management of Mine Producing, Geodesy and Environmental Protection - SGEM 2006” with th some of the major projects of Mapex JSC, implemented through GPS technologies, as well as with those projects whe...

Different kinds of pesticide are used for protection of plant from different pests which are bacteria, insects, fungi, nematotes, worm’s etc. Generally they give some advantage farmers’ plant production, but they also have some important disadvantage with their residues on plant materials. Farmers mostly apply pesticides higher than the needed levels to quarantive the higher production. They sometime use the pesticides later than deformation period. This time some residue chemicals may still be on the application ...

The geological and technological conditions of thick copper ore deposit extraction under the rock burst hazard are presented, based on an example of the new RG-9 room and pillar system. The results of rock mass behaviour surveys and observations during the trial exploitation are discussed as well as the system effect on deposit management.

In the condition that drilling and blasting technique is inevitable depending on the rock mass and material characteristics on mining activities, the fragmentation rate and particle size distribution of the muckpile after blasting has important influences on the performance of subsequent mining activities such as loading, hauling, crushing, grinding etc. and the total costs of that mine. Drilling and blasting is an important step in this process chain and it’s results such as fragmentation, muckpile shape and loos...

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) (predominantly GPS carrier phase-based positioning) are used today more and more in various areas of geodesy and surveying. In order to determine the position of a large number of points as quickly as possible, GPS RTK (Real Time Kinematic) surveying method is the most productive one because the coordinates are obtained in real time directly in the field and involve occupying points for a short period of time. Because point positions with high precision are immediately kn...

The major impact of early mining resulted from the establishment of this mine tailings, which neutralized hundreds hectares of land, which due poor management and neglect have been subjected to varying degrees of water and wind erosion. Environmental impacts range from water pollution (acid mine drainage derived from oxidation of sulphides, mainly pyrite, and the heavy metals in the Mooteh mine tailings), air pollution in the form of airborne dust from unrehabilitated, partially rehabilitated and reprocessed mine ...

One of the most critical and complicated steps in mine design is to select an suitable mining method based upon geological, geotechnical, geographical and economical parameters. Since there are many factors involved for the selection of mining method, which is decision-making process, the problem is very difficult to solve. In this paper, Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) with 18 criteria is used to develop a suitable mining method for the Reza Abad ballclay \& bauxite ore dep...

The main principles and methods of interactive education are discussed. The requirements to this approach of educational process are formulated. The differences between practical training and learning process are discussed. Based on these principles there are shown the examples for deductive education on processing stages in digital image processing and digital photogrammetry. Main attention is pointed to the initial data collection for purposes of inner orientation, image calibration and relative orientation of s...

Using static and dynamic structures compares the possibilities for a short record of large matrices by using static and dynamic structures. The algorithms for solving linear systems and the ways for short record of the matrices used in them are observed. Special ways for presenting matrices as packages and the efficiency of the algorithms when realized with the help of dynamic and static structures are described. Examples of realized program systems are shown when analyzing geodesic data.

The concept of constructing the industrial wastes storage in the rooms after salt mining in the „Polkowice-Sieroszowice” mine, which is currently considered by KGHM POLSKA MIEDZ S.A., would allow for disposing about 50 000 tons of wastes per year. These wastes are arduous for the environment and at present there are not other methods of their utilization than just storing them in the surface waste management facilities. These wastes have physical, chemical and toxic properties allowing to store them underground. T...

The ultramafic rocks around Kizildag have very important economic reserves of chromite and olivine. The ultramafic rocks are mainly composed of dunites and in lesser amount diabases. The dunites are mainly made of forsteritic olivine which is about 90 \% of the rock mass. The chemical composition of the rock is as follows: MgO 52.25 \%, SiO2 37.5 \% and Fe2O3 8.3 \%. These mineralogical and chemical characteristics are met the need of iron-steel and refractory industry. The olivine deposits of Kizildag with 9 bill...

The quantity and the content of the landfill gas, emitted/extracted from landfill for non-hazardous waste “Suhodol” have been studied. Modeling calculations have been executed and forecast data for the quantity of the emitted and utilized landfill gas for the period till 2040 have been done. Methods for the treatment of the landfill gas, as it consists of methane - a powerful greenhouse gas, have been presented. The applicability of the presented different methods for Landfill “Suhodol” has been assessed. Assessme...

TOC (Total Organic Carbon), TKN (Total Kjedhal Nitrojen), tP (total Phosporus), C/N (Carbon/Nitrogen ratio) contents and other properties of Municipal Solid Waste, in İstanbul are suitable for Compost Production. Compost is an extremely useful agent in agriculture, provides humous to soil, improves its porosity, workability, aeration and needless to say improves water absorption capacity. It also helps increasing the number of saprofit micro organisms and helps plants to get more of fertilizers. Another advantage ...

GPS technology in geodesy is using for positioning of the geodetic points and the points from geodetic surveying in global coordinate system WGS84. In the Republic of Macedonia, as in the other countries of the south eastern Europe, were established GPS networks of the first range, but without increasing its density. If we have a fact that there are not astronomic-geodetic and gravimetrical measurements with the aim to define the local geoids more accuracy, it is clearly that can not be done massif and precise GPS...

The studied area is 1960 km2 and located in Zanjan province and is placed between 48º, 48´ to 49º, 30´ east longitude and 35 º, 57´ to 36º, 36´north latitude. Human pollutants are mainly home and human sewage which is discharged by absorbent wells that seems to be one of the best ways of discharging sewage. On the other hand in the places where the underground water recharge the river, there is a possibility of having some environmental problems in the nearly future.Presently, the amounts of BOD5 and COD are due t...

Based on a two-level model for the zone of non-reversible deformations that is produced near mine working, bifurcation-type criterion is developed for stability of heterogeneous rock mass. A new approach to calculate parameters of mine working lining has been proposed. It is based on the treatment on energy balance of “lining-rock mass". Geomechanical criteria of mine working lining stability are obtained.

The use of numerical systems to evaluate the appropriateness of a mining method for a particular ore deposit has been in use for some time. These systems rely on ranking a finite number of geometrical, geological, and geomechanical parameters to arrive at a rating value for different mining methods. Nowadays application of fuzzy logic has been paid attention for selection of mining exploitation method. The mining method selection (MMS) system takes account of the uncertainty associated with boundary conditions of ...

At present, there is a lot of interest in the use of dynamic simulation for optimization and operation of wastewater treatment plants. For this purpose, different mathematical models are used. Development of these models requires a complicated conceptual approach. It involves identification of all carbonaceous and nitrogenous components. The Activated Sludge Model No.1 (ASM1) presented by the IAWQ Task Group on Mathematical Modelling for Design and Operation of Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes is generall...

Surface faulting and distribution of surface deformation caused by the Chirpan (M6.8) and Plovdiv (M7.0) earthquakes that occurred on 14 and 18 April 1928, respectively, were used with the scope to determine the distribution of slip and confirm the fault geometry. We assumed smooth fault geometry, based on previous studies, and a standard dislocation model. The faulting zone comprises several fault segments with different slip on each of them. For structurally complex areas like our study area the best model may b...

Authors consider a damage in a building excavation, which took place in June 2005 at the environs of Sofia. The slope of the excavation is protected by anchors and protective net but after the heavy rains during the whole month of June 2005 it begins to degrade. An emergency additional strengthening is made and the degradation is stopped. The paper considers the reasons for the damage and outlines the results of the investigations and laboratory tests made afterwards. The specific characteristics of the soil that ...

Norm Statements Actual that settle the questions related to the execution of industrial explosive work are considered in the report. There are shown the main requirements stationary for all who execute some industrial explosive works and actions with explosive materials.

Geographic Information System (GIS) are gradually gaining greater importance in the course of modeling of processes and phenomena in the surrounding environment. The mining is also affected by those systems. They use not only powerful tools for modeling and visualization of real objects in the 3D, but also statistical analyses. Some of the features of ArcGIS [1] for 3D modeling, visualization and statistical analyses on quarry and mines are described in the article.

This paper deals with the removal of copper from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) compost using Na2EDTA and a mixture of Na2S2O5 and Na2EDTA in the batch mode. At the end of extraction studies, for 3 hours at 1:25 solid:liquid ratio by using 0.05 M Na2EDTA, 100\% removal yield was obtained for Cu. 100\% heavy metal removal yield was obtained with 0.01 M Na2EDTA and 0.1 M Na2S2O5, at 1:6 solid:liquid ratio, for Cu in this study.

Each of the spatial methods provides data in a different and a unique way for the three main geodetic directions: geometry of the Earth – coordinates of points and deformation; orientation and rotation of the Earth; gravity field as well as its variations. One of these methods, which is the most accurate and hopeful nowadays, is the Very Long Baseline Interferometry. In this paper it is gone into the technique of VLBI and its applications, mainly in geodesy and geodynamics. It is made an analysis of the motion of ...

Four main mineralized vein Groups within the Sar-Cheshmeh Porphyry system have been identified: I) quartz + molybdenite + anhydrite ± K-feldspar with minor pyrite, chalcopyrite and bornite; II) quartz + chalcopyrite + pyrite ± molybdenite ± Calcite; III) quartz + pyrite + calcite ± chalcopyrite ± anhydrite (gypsum) ± molybdenite; IV) quartz ± calcite ± gypsum ± pyrite ± Dolomite. Early hydrothermal alteration produced a potassic assemblage (orthoclase-biotite) in the central part of the stock, propylitic alteratio...

It was successfully completed the first stage of the development of a multi-functional network of permanent GPS base stations in Bulgaria. The network receives and monitors the satellite signals from both the American network GPS and the Russian network GLONASS. The developed network allows the user to operate in real time as well as in post processing mode contributing significantly for the improvement of the measurement accuracy of the used GPS/GLONASS receiver. The system enjoys a widely spread application in f...

A significant range of the landscaped damaged by brown coal mining is one of the base problems of the region of the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin. The proper application of fertilizable rocks to sterile and phyto-toxic sits is the condition of the success of reclamation works. Natural clayey sorbents are usually of very good use, but the North Bohemian Basin is quite poor with them. Bentonite deposits are significant exceptions. They are a part of tertiary vulcanodetritic strata of the subsoil of a coal seam. Th...